LEIDEN UNIVE‘“ITY CENT‘E FO‘ LINGUI“TIC“ LUCL
LEIDEN UNIVE‘“ITY
ON THE “OUTH AME‘ICAN O‘IGIN“ OF “OME
ME“OAME‘ICAN CIVILI)ATION“
Ma elo Jolkesk
a jolkesk @g ail. o
PO“TDOCTO‘AL FINAL ‘EPO‘T FO‘ THE ME“ANDLIN G K P‘OJECT
P‘OJECT ID:
5
FUNDED UNDE‘: FP -IDEA“-E‘C
ADVI“O‘: WILLEM ADELAA‘
Leide
7
To Je s u s
Th an ks fo r Yo u r gu id an ce
A st a t: I this pape , I p ese t i po ta t i te dis ipli a
Mesoa e i a populatio s
e ide es that t o of the
ai
a ha e o igi ated i “outh A e i a, a el the fo efathe s of
the so alled Oto a guea s a d of the P oto-Ma a s. Those e ide e poi t to the p o a ilit
that the Ho ela ds of the Oto a guea s’ fo efathe s a d of the P oto-Ma a s’ fo efathe s
ee
espe ti el
Weste
Oto a guea li guisti
o
o
Colo
ia a d the No th-Ce t al Pe u ia
Coast. The
e tio s ith “outh A e i a ill e dealt i § . Possi le li guisti
e tio s elated to the Ka do is, Ku zas a d Mosete s – as ell as those elated to the
Le a s a d Misu alpa s –
ill e dealt i § . Fi all ,
usi g the a haeoe oli guisti
pe spe ti e, a i te dis ipli a
dis ussio li ki g the afo e e tio ed li guisti
o
e tio s
to a haeologi al a d li atologi al data a d a Pa o a a of so e possi le p ehisto i
populatio
o e e ts i the Mesoa e i a-A des A is a e offe ed i § - .
‘esu o: Neste a tigo, ap ese to i po ta tes e id
p i ipais populaç es
esoa e i a as te ia
ias i te dis ipli a es de ue duas das
se o igi a a
a A
a tepassados dos ha ados oto a guea os e dos P oto- aias. Tais e id
pa a a p o a ilidade da te a
espe ti a e te a Col
ia o ide tal e a osta o te-
e t al do Pe u. As o e es das lí guas oto a guea as o a A
i a do “ul se ão t atadas
§ . Possí eis o e es li guísti as ela io adas aos ka do is, ku zas e
o o a uelas ela io adas aos le as e
isu alpas – se ão t atadas e
at a s da pe spe ti a a ueo-e oli güísti a, u a dis ussão i te dis ipli a
o e es li guísti as a dados a ueol gi os e li atol gi os, assi
algu s possí eis
ofe e idos e
o ou
o i e tos popula io ais p -hist i os o Ei o Mesoa
§ - .
ias apo ta
atal dos a tepassados dos ditos oto a guea os e dos
a tepassados dos P oto- aias se e
e
i a do “ul: os
osete s – e
§ . Fi al e te,
ue asso ia tais
pa o a a de
i a-A des são
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
. INT‘ODUCTION
The follo i g pape p ese ts the esults of the esea h do e
a d Ma h
e et ee August
7 u de the Mesa dli g k p oje t, a.k.a. The Li guisti Past of
Mesoa e i a a d the A des: a sea h fo ea l
ig ato
elatio s et ee No th a d “outh
A ei a .
The esea h goal as, i the
oad se se, to esta lish i a
o pa iso s et ee
the P oto la guages of eth oli guisti g oups lo ated i the Mesoa e i a-A des A is, i
o de to i p o e the u de sta di g of la guage o ta t a d li guisti dispe sal i the
A e i as du i g P ehisto . I the st i t se se, Wille Adelaa asked e to o t i ute to su h
app oa h
fo usi g o fi di g possi le li guisti
o
e tio s spe ifi all
elated i to the
Oto a guea sto k, a d ii to so e of the isolate la guages a d s all la guage fa ilies i
the Mesoa e i a – A des A is. As fo the se o d goal of
Adelaa e o
e ded
tho oughl add essed
postdo to al esea h, Wille
e to fo us o isolate la guages a d s all la guage fa ilies ot et
othe p oje t
a d the isolate la guages f o
e
e s, su h as the follo i gs: Le a , Misu alpa
Boli ia. B doi g this so e p e iousl u told o
e tio s
et ee Mesoa e i a a d “outh A e i a e e su essfull dete ted.
Befo e goi g i to the esults I’ll
sta ti g poi t of
iefl p ese t the esea h
ethods used
e. The
esea h as to upg ade the “outh A e i a La guages Le i al Data ase
hi h I ha e uilt du i g
PhD Jolkesk
. The upg ade efe s to the uildi g up of
This esea h as a ied out u de the di e t supe isio of P ofesso Wille Adelaa , ho I ea estl tha k
fo the i itatio a d oppo tu it . I’ also tha kful to the E‘C fo fu di g e a d to the Leide U i e sit fo
all the gi e suppo t du i g the
o ths pe iod of
Postdo to al “ hola ship.
Fo
o e i fo atio a out the ethodolog used
e, see Jolkesk
: - . All the efe e es used
e du i g o pilatio of the “outh A e i a La guages Le i al Data ase a e detailed i Jolkesk
:7 7 . The follo i g a haeoe oli guisti otatio s used
ei
PhD Disse tatio a e adopted i this pape :
fo a X X=la guage/eth oli guisti g oup], i p e-P oto-X is used he the e is o ge ealogi al o ti uit
et ee p e-P oto-X a d P oto-X a d the glottoge esis/eth oge esis of P oto-X as i flue ed a p e-P otoX la guage/eth oli guisti g oup th ough o ta t i this p o ess P oto-X as left ith a p e-P oto-X
li guisti / ultu al su st ate, ea i g that: a if X is a la guage, p e-P oto-X is dia h o i all the su st ate
la guage of the P oto-X la guage;
if X is a eth i g oup, the p e-P oto-Xs e e the ea e s of a p ee iste t
ultu e that i flue ed the ultu oge esis of the P oto-Xs ; ii P oto-P oto-X is used to de ote that the e is a
di e t ge ealogi al o ti uit et ee the la guages/eth oli guisti g oups it ea s that P oto-X is the di e t
des e da t of P oto-P oto-X i a a o eal li eage th ough pu e ge eti he itage: a if X is a la guage, P otoP oto-X is dia h o i all the a ie t fo of the P oto-X la guage;
if X is a eth i g oup, the P oto-P oto-Xs
e e the fo efathe s of the P oto-Xs .
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
the A e i a La guages Le i al Data ase ALLD
Mesoa e i a
i ludi g le i al data f o
No th- a d
P oto -la guages ele a t to this esea h. The added la guage g oups a d
thei data sou es a e the follo i gs:
•
Oto a guea sto k: P oto-Mi te a
P oto- )apote a
Lopez
Fe á dez de Mi a da
; Pi kett
Tlapa e a
; Bea
7; Ea l & “heffle de Ea l
a , P oto-Mazate a
Ba tholo e
Lo ga e & Millo
Ki k
; Cazes
; Cape
; Mu o &
; Ca p ell
; Kauf a
, P oto-Otopa ea Hasle
77 , P oto-Chi a te a
; Cli e
,
de Az o a
‘e h
Baue s h idt, “á hez Flo es & Ga ía
7 ; “uá ez
; Josse a d
a d Ma guea
, “u tia a-
7 ; Bouda
Ha p
;
7 ; Ca p ell
; Qui s ‘od íguez
;
•
Hoka sto k Gu sk
Yu a
Wa es
C a fo d
Ji a uea
7 ,
,
; Kauf a
, Cou o & Hut heso
, Mu o et alii
7 , Mi o
e
“ hli hte
, Yuki “a
Chu asha fa il : I eseño Chu ash “YBCY et alii
•
Uto-Azte a fa il : Hui hol M I tosh & G i es
Nahuatl B o k a et alii
Ma a fa il : P oto-Ma a
•
Mi e-)o uea fa il : P oto-Mi e-)o uea
•
Le a
, Ya a
e & “ hli hte
,
, Ta ahu a a Hilto
,
;
Kauf a & Justeso
fa il : P oto-Le a
Wi h a
, Co ste la-U aña
Co ste la-U aña
, Ul a CIDCA et alii
A op of a i o plete e sio of the ALLD a
;
7, del ‘ío U utia
fa il : P oto-Misu alpa
7 ,
;
A guedas Co t s
Ho du a Le a He a z He a z
Ca aope a Ca p ell
o
;
•
Miskito B o
, Co e udo
;
•
Misu alpa
7 , P oto-
, “e i Mose & Ma lett
7 , O'Co
,
;
Yukia fa il : P oto-Yukia
Wappo “a
7 : P oto-
7 , “hate ia
M Le do
, Oa a a Cho tal Tu e & Tu e
“api & “ adesh
•
; Ma lett
, P oto-Po oa
Ca p ell & Olt ogge
“ a to
•
,
, “u o
;
e f eel do
load HE‘E.
,
, “al ado a Le a;
7,
,
,
o Hou ald
,
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
•
Chiti a ha “ adesh
Tu l
, Atakapa Gats het & “ a to
7 , Tu i a Haas
, Cuitlate
Maso
, To ka a Hoije
He d i hs P ez
, Weitla e
te
asi
, Es ala te
, “ali a
s e o passi g the follo i g se a ti
atego ies: i pe so al a d spatial dei ti s, ii ki ship te
iii
, Ka a ka a Gats het
.
The ALLD fu da e tall e loses ∼
a d pla ts,
, Nat hez Va
atu al phe o e a,
e s positio al,
s, iii
od /pla t pa ts, i a i als
i ute sils a d housi g,
otio , a tio , se so ,
ii foods a d a
eteo ologi al, odil p o esses , a d
i adje ti es size, age, te pe atu e, olo , alue . All these te
do ai s to fa ilitate the sea h fo lookalikes a
ate ials,
s e e g ouped
pai of si ila
oots
se a ti
ithi the sa e
se a ti do ai .
Ne t step as to pe fo
good lookalikes et ee a
e plo ato
p o edu es
assessi g the ALLD i sea h fo
pai of la guages u de esea h, al a s taki g i to a ou t the
afo e e tio ed st i t se se esea h goals. All i sta es e e g ouped a d so ted out, a d
fo ea h g oup of lookalikes the follo i g a al ti p o edu es e e applied i se ue e:
i
o phologi al he ki g of o ds, ai i g to e lude fo tuitous i sta es;
ii
pho ologi al o pa iso of all the e ai ed i sta es
hi h e e take
as possi le og ates , i sea h fo sou d o espo de es.
A possi ilit of ge eti i he ita e
o espo de es e e fou d a o g a
of sha ed
o ds
he patte s of pho ologi al
g oup of possi le og ates. Othe
ise, these g oup
e e take as i di ati e of la guage o ta t. The a haeoe oli guisti
app oa h see Jolkesk
h pothesis aised
as aised o l
as used as a i te dis ipli a
e ega di g p ehisto i populatio
et ee the A e i as. I
platfo
to su sta tiate a
o e e ts a d la guage o ta t
hat follo s I ill p ese t the esults a hie ed
the e t t o se tio s I ill detail all the esults a hie ed
e.
this esea h. I
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
. P‘E-COLONIAL LINGUI“TIC CONNECTION“ BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND
“OUTH AME‘ICAN LANGUAGE“
The Oto a guea
o p isi g t o
sto k is the
iggest i
ai di isio s a d eight su fa ilies see Cha t
Cha t : The Oto a guea sto k, follo i g Kauf a
Although
the A e i as a d the
,
,
ost di e se,
.
a.
ost li guists ag ee that the e iste e of this sto k has ee p o e
Kauf a
, Ca p ell
Bo
e e tl
see
7 , o detailed e o st u tio has ee pu lished u til o a d
halle ged it, suggesti g that it is a tuall a Sp a h u d. If e o side
the a haeoe oli guisti
pe spe ti e, this alte ati e app oa h
se iousl i up o i g esea hes. Du i g olo ial ti es,
e e spoke Me i o a d o l the Ma guea
ust i deed
e take
ost of the Oto a guea la guages
a h as spoke as fa as Costa ‘i a. Map
sho s the app o i ate dist i utio of the Oto a guea sto k i Mesoa e i a du i g the XV
e tu
AD.
7
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
Map : The Oto a guea sto k du i g the XV e tu
AD.
Du i g the sa e pe iod, the eth oli guisti dist i utio
A ei a
as uite o ple . Map
No th este
i
No th este
“outh
sho s the app o i ate eth oli guisti dist i utio i
“outh A e i a du i g the XV e tu
Map : The eth oli guisti dist i utio i No th este
a e iatio s, see Jolkesk
.
AD.
“outh A e i a du i g the XV e tu
AD fo the
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
Afte a e hausti e
ele a t o d ese
ass o pa iso usi g the data o piled i the ALLD so e uite
la es e e ged et ee
a d those spoke i No th este
la guage fa ilies lo ated
o ust pa allels
“outh A e i a. The
ithi the No th este
Ba a oa a d Paeza ; a d ii
fe
P oto- la guages of the Oto a guea sto k
ost st iki g o es
ee i
ith
Tip of “outh A e i a, a el : Cho oa ,
ith “ali a -Hoti. A o g the sha ed le i al ite s, the e a e
ith Cho oa a d
a
o ust pa allels
ith Paez, Ba a oa a d
“ali a -Hoti. Th ee ele a t poi ts e e ged afte a al zi g these fi di gs. The
ill e dealt
sepa atel i the follo i g se tio s.
. .
OTOMANGUEAN AND CHOCOAN
The e is a u h of high ualit le i al pa allels sha ed et ee the Oto a guea
sto k a d the P oto-Cho oa . As sho
P oto-Cho oa
a ha e o e f o
i Ta le ,
ost of these possi le o o i gs i
P oto-Otopa ea .
TABLE 1: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND CHOCOAN
OTOMANGUEAN
CHOCOAN
POTP *(n)hoa ‘wing’
PCHK *hua ‘arm’
PMZT *pi
PCHK *βi > wnn bi
eat
PZPT *aku; TPN -ʔkʰu
PCHK *ko
e e
POTP *-tao (see also: POTP *n-tao ‘seed’)
PCHK *dabu > WNN dau, N.EBR
dau, S.EBR dau/tau
go
POTP *ma/*wa
PCHK *uã > WNN ma, PEBR *wã
hea
POTP *ʔo-t > OTM ʔøde, MTZ ʔøti, OCU
ʔøɬ
PCHK *ũri- > PEBR *ũri-, WNN ʔũr
house
PZPT *litʲi ‘house’ > YAZ/SYZ liʒ, COZ
lid/ni, CTN ni ̃ ; PMZT *ʃthe ‘nest’
PCHK *de ‘house’ > PEBR *de, WNN
dih
POTP *nʔi-m ‘meat’
PCHK *neme ‘animal’ > WNN nem
(see also: WNN nemek ‘meat’), PEBR
*nẽ- ‘thing/animal’
a
/ i g
ell
eat/a i al
The sou e fo P oto-Cho oa /P oto-E e a e o st u tio s a d fo the pho ologi al o espo de e sets of
the Cho oa la guages is: U aña & Peña
.
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 1: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND CHOCOAN
OTOMANGUEAN
CHOCOAN
pe is/ ale
POTP *me ‘male’ > OTM/CHO me, NPO
mɛʔ
PCHC *me ‘penis’
salt
POTP *thõ-s ‘salt’; also: TPN tana
‘medicine’
PCHC *tã [*tʰã]
to gue/fa e
POTP *khi ̃a- ‘tongue’
PCHC *ki ̃ra ‘face’
to gue/fa e
PMZT *ʔmi ̃ ‘tongue’; POTP *hmi ‘face’
PCHC *me ‘tongue’ > PEBR *ki ̃rame [kʰi ̃rã-me] ‘tongue’
POTP *he
PCHC *hɨ ̃
ea lothes
Besides this, so e Cho oa
ost E
ea
o - e o st u ta le te
ultu al ite s ha e e o st u ta le ou te pa ts i Oto a guea
s efe i g to
a hes. Most of the
ha e a aila le e o st u tio s fo P oto-)apote a , P oto-Mazate a o P oto-Otopa ea .
The e is a high p o a ilit that i tuall all those ite s, sho
i Ta le , e e o o ed f o
a Oto a guea sou e:
TABLE 2: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND EMBERA/WAUNANA
OTOMANGUEAN
CHOCOAN
atole/ a io
PMZT *n aha ‘atole’ > LOM n oho
N.EBR ʰã, WNN ʰohõ ‘manioc’
ea th
PZPT *jo
S.EBR jo ro (-ro ‘common suffix’)
fi e/fi e ood
POTP *ci-p ‘fire/embers/lime’ > OTM
cibi, MZT sivi ‘fire’
PEBR *tɨbɨ ‘firewood’
fish
PZPT *kʷ-el ͈-a > ISZ benda, SYZ beld, JUZ
bel ͈a, VAZ bel ͈, CUZ mbel
PEBR *βeda
jagua
PZPT *(kʷ-)e ˀ i ‘jaguar’ > JUZ be i, ISZ
be ʤeˀ, COZ mbiˀʤ, CUZ mbe z
S.EBR ɨ ̃pʰidi/õpʰɨɗɨ
k ife/ ut
POTP *thi-s ‘knife’
PEBR *tɨ [*tʰɨ] ‘cut’
ale
POTP *weo-ʔ
S.EBR wiu, N.EBR wiɡu
ou tai
PZPT *keˀja, PCTN *keˀja
S.EBR eja/ea, N.EBR eja
POTP *tʔõ-ma
N.EBR drõa, S.EBR õa
old
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 2: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND EMBERA/WAUNANA
OTOMANGUEAN
CHOCOAN
pe so
PZPT *kʷ-en͈eˀ ‘people/family’ YAZ ben͈əˀ,
SYZ ben͈ˀ, MIZ beʰn͈, COZ men; PCTN
*kʷini > CTN kʷiɲi
PEBR *ẽbẽrã
see
POTP *nõ > OTM nũ, MTZ/CHO nu
PEBR*unu
seed
PMZT *nthe > LOM tha
PEBR *nẽta *[nẽtʰa]
sit/seat
POTP * hopi ‘seat’; also: PZPT *zoba ‘sit’
> COZ n-zobˀ
N.EBR ume/ ubɨa [ ʰume]/[ ʰubɨa],
WNN hup ‘sit’
sk
PZPT *baˀ
N.EBR ba, S.EBR pa/ba
to a o
PMZT * hi ̃ũ
S.EBR ihõ, N.EBR ihõ/ʤihõ
u i e/sou
PZPT *sieˀ ‘sour’, PCTN *tieˀ
PEBR *sia ‘urine’
ash
POTP *tãh-t ‘wash clothes’
N.EBR tʰãtʰo, S.EBR tʰõ ‘wash
dishes/clothes’
ea /sta
POTP *khai ‘year’
S.EBR kakhai ‘star’
. .
OTOMANGUEAN AND BA‘BACOAN
Most le i al ite s sha ed
e lusi el the Co o u a
the Oto a guea a d the Ba a oa sto ks i ol ed
a h a d a e e o st u ta le to P oto-Co o u a
ut ot to
P oto-Ba a oa . This is a st o g i di ati e that the fo efathe s of the P oto-Co o u a s
possi l u de
o o i gs f o
e t a eth oge eti p o ess,
a
Oto a guea
a e th ough
sou e ha e a aila le
eolizatio . Most of those
e o st u tio s fo
P oto-
)apote a , P oto-Mazate a a d/o P oto-Otopa ea :
TABLE 3: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND BARBACOAN
1
OTOMANGUEAN
BA‘BACOAN5
PZPT *na(ˀ); PZPT *-aˀ ‘1.POS’
PKOK *na
The sou e fo P oto-Ba a oa e o st u tio s a d fo the pho ologi al o espo de e sets of the
Ba a oa /Co o u a la guages is: Cu o & Liddi oat
. The autho s did 't e o st u t all the P otoCo o u a fo s used he e, ut it is possi le to ake i fe e es ased o the pho ologi al o espo de e
sets esta lished
the the o l e eptio , ade
e, is the e o st u tio of P oto-Co o u a *o >
Gua ia o u : Toto o, o t asti g ith P oto-Co o u a *u > Gua ia o u : Toto u .
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 3: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND BARBACOAN
OTOMANGUEAN
BA‘BACOAN5
2
PZPT *-luˀ; PZPT *-uˀ ‘2.POS’; PZPT *nu ‘1.I’
PBBK *nu
3
PZPT *neˀ ‘3.RESP’, PZPT *-eˀ ‘3.POS’; also:
PZPT *ni ‘3/this’, PCNT *nə ‘that’
PKOK *nɨ
blood/red
PMZT *ʔja-ni ̃ ‘red’ (PMZT *ʔja- ‘nominal’) >
MZM/CQM/SOM ʔani ̃; also: PMZT *hni ̃ ‘blood’
PKOK *ani ‘blood’
body
PZPT *lati > COZ laˀz
PKOK *aç
bone
PPL *tjun-, TPN itsu, SBT ísú
PKOK *tsu-
breast
PZPT *tʲiˀ, PMZT * iki ‘chest’
PBBK * ik > AWP ikuza
child
POTP *ʔoene > OTM/MAZ ʔwɛne
PKOK *unɨ
coal/
POTP *nca ‘firewood’; PPPL *(n) a ‘fire’
GBN tɕar ‘firewood’; AWP - ax,
PSBK *- ala ‘coal’
cold
PMTK *wixi ̱
GBN piʃi ̃
deer
POTP *pahnʔ
PKOK *pan, AWK paina
ear
POTP *n-kão
PKOK *kalo
embers/star6
PMZT *(ni ̃-)ɲũce ‘big star’ (PMZT *ni ̃- ‘nominal’)
PKOK *oçɨ ‘embers/ashes’
fire
PCNT *nakʷɨ > naku
PKOK *nakɨ
firewood
PMTK *sɨʔɨ ̱
TTR tʂɨ, AWP sɨ
flesh
PMZT *jahu ‘meat/flesh’ > HUM jau
PKOK *jau-
flower
PMZT *nã-ʃu
PBBK *uʃ
flower
PCNT *li
PSBK *lɨlɨ
give
PCNT *kʷəŋ > kʷən
AWP kʷin
pot
PMTK *kɨsɨ ‘pot’; PZPT *kes͈oˀ > COZ ɡe ; CNT
kitʲũˀ
PKOK *kɨtsɨ ‘pot’
hand/foot
POTP *koa ‘foot/leg’ > OTM ɡʷa, MAZ ɡʷaʔa,
NPO ma-kʷa; PCNT *kʷe > kʷah ‘arm’
PKOK *kʷal ‘hand/arm’
firewood
I the o ld ie of so e No th este “outh A e i a so ieties the souls of the de eased go to the sk a d
the sta s a e see as fi epla es i the illages of the de eased o e e as the e e s of those fi epla es .
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 3: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND BARBACOAN
OTOMANGUEAN
BA‘BACOAN5
house
PZPT *ja ‘sweat lodge’; also: PMZT *(nti)ʔja
‘house’ (*nti- ‘nominal’ ?) > ni ̃-ʔja
PBBK *ja
leaf
POTP *si > OTM/MTZ ʃi, NPO niʃ i
PKOK *iʃi-
lie down/sit
PZPT *sokʷa ‘sit’ > ISZ zuba, COZ n-zobˀ; POTP
* hopi ‘seat’
PKOK *tsop ‘lie down’
medicine
PCNT *mɨ
GBN mɨ
mother/nurse
OCU ci, NPO c iʔ, MAZ ʃiʔi ‘nurse’
GBN uɕi ‘mother’
mountain/
high
PZPT *tun͈i ‘high’ > RCZ tun͈a, YAZ ton͈ə, SYZ
ton͈
PKOK *tuna ‘mountain’ > GBN
tun, TTR tuna
new
PMZT *ce
PKOK *çɨ
night
POTP *sãom > MTZ ʃɵmi, MAZ ʃomʉ
PKOK *jem
nose/calabash PMTK *kɨmʔ ‘calabash’ (see: TPN dako
‘nose/calabash’)
PBBK *kim- ‘nose’
place/earth
PZPT *ju ‘earth’
PKOK *ju ‘place’, PKOK *-ju
‘LOC’
rain
PMZT *sci >LOM ce; also: OTM ʔje
PKOK *çe
root/manioc
PZPT *l ͈o ‘root’ > SYZ/COZ lo; see also: PCNT
*lu ‘neck’
PKOK *lo ‘manioc’
rope/snake
POTP * i ‘snake’
PKOK *tsi ‘rope’
salt
PZPT *seteˀ > SYZ/COZ zedˀ, CTN teheˀ
PKOK *tçe
shit
POTP *phoi > CHO pü, OCU pø, OTM pʰo
PBBK *pɨ
sky/up
POTP *cʔi ̃-nʔ ‘up’; also: PZPT *tse ‘day/night’
PKOK *ɕɨ ‘sky’ > GBN ɕɨ ̃
snake
PMTK *lu
PKOK *ul
speak/tongue
PZPT *n͈iˀ ‘speak’; PMZT *ʔnẽ ‘tongue/word’
PBBK *ni- ‘tongue’ > PSBK
*ni-ka; PKOK *ni-lɨ
speak
POTP *si-p > NPO ep, OTM/MAZ ʃipʰi
GBN tʃip
stone/earth
POTP *to ‘stone’
PBBK *to ‘earth’
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 3: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND BARBACOAN
OTOMANGUEAN
BA‘BACOAN5
sun
PZPT *(ko-)kʷi - ‘sun’ (*ko- ‘nominal’) > ATZ
PKOK *pɨtɕa ‘sun’
ubi a, VAZ ɡʷbiʤ, CUZ wiz; PCTN *kʷits-a ‘sun’
tree
PMZT *tuciˀi ̃
PKOK *tuç
what
PZPT *çi
PKOK * i-, AWP ʃi
wife
PZPT * eˀela > CUZ saˀl, COZ alʔ
PKOK *çalɨ
woman
POTP *sõ/*co ‘woman/wife’ > OCU hu, OTM
n-xu; PMZT * hũ ‘wife’ (< *n- hu)
PKOK *iʃu-, TFK sona; PSBK
*so ‘vulva’
. .
OTOMANGUEAN AND PAE)
The e is a g eat a ou t of high ualit le i al pa allels et ee the Oto a guea
sto k a d the Paez la guage, as sho
P oto-)apote a
Ta le
i Ta les - . Most of the dete ted pa allels a e ith
.
TABLE 4: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN (PROTO-)OTOPAMEAN AND PAEZ
P‘OTO-MA)ATECAN/P‘OTO-CHINANTECAN
PAE)
.“UB
MTZ tu-h-, TWK to-, OTM d-; RCZ -tu ‘1.E’
-tʰ(u)
.“UB
OTM ɡ-; TWK khun- ‘2.P’
-ɡ(u)
.“UB
MTZ ku-h-
-k(u) (3.SUB.PST)
hild
OTM lo i; also: PMTK *luˀu ‘small’
luu
loud/ai / i d
POTP *n-tãmh ‘air/wind’
tããpʰ ‘cloud’
POTP *mʔiph ‘smoke’ > OTM ˀbipi, MTZ bipi, MAZ biˀpʰi
ipʲ ‘fire’
OTM me
n-mi
s o pio /spide
POTP *mes ‘spider’ > OTM/MAZ meʃe
us-mitʲ ‘scorpion’ (us
= ‘bean/kidney’)
su / oo
POTP *hiat ‘sun’ > OTM hʲadi, MAZ hʲarï
aˀte ‘moon’
POTP *n-so ‘women/wife’ > OTM n-xu; also: PMZT * hũ
‘wife’ (< *n- hu); PCNT *ʔja ‘female’ > ʔio
n-ju
fi e/s oke
a
ife
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 5: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-MAZATECAN/PROTO-CHINANTECAN AND PAEZ
P‘OTO-MA)ATECAN/P‘OTO-CHINANTECAN
PAE)
.“
PMZT *ʔã
a-dʲ
.“
PMZT *hi
i -dʲ, iˀ-kʷe, i- a
.“
PMZT * eˀe >LOM aˀa
tʲã
i te ogati e
PMZT *ʔa-, PCNT *ʔa
-aˀ
elde /so e
PMZT *theˀe ‘magic/sorcery’; also: PCNT *tɨ
‘doctor/teacher’ > teɡ
tʰẽʔh ‘elder’ < *ntʰeˀh
hus a d/fathe
PMZT *nã-ʔmi ̃ ‘father/priest’ (PMZT *nã- ‘nominal’); also:
PCNT *hmi ‘father’
n-mi ‘husband’
fathe
PMZT *nã-ʔ(a)i ̃ > AYM nã-ʔai (PMZT *nã- ‘nominal’) ;
also: PCNT *ŋiuˀ > neiˀ
n-ei
jagua / o ote
PMZT * ehẽ ‘coyote’ > MZM ihẽ
sih ‘jaguar’
PMZT * uˀwa >JDM/SDM juˀwa; also: PZPT *tjoˀwa
juwe
PMZT *(nã-)hẽi ̃ ‘tongue’ (PMZT *nã- ‘nominal’) >
SOM/LOM (nã-)hi ̃
hi ̃ ‘speak’ < *n-hi
ose/ ala ash
PMZT *ni ̃-su ‘calabash’ (PMZT *ni ̃- ‘nominal’) > LOM ni ̃sɨ
i ̃ ‘nose’ < *n-i
a io
PMZT *ntu-ja (*ntu- ‘nominal ?’) > AYM/CQM/JDM nũja;
also: CRT nuja; also: PZPT *ni-jaˀa ‘milpa’ (PZPT *nĩ‘nominal’) > COZ n-iaˀ, CUZ/MHZ n-jaˀ
ɲa < *n-ja
PMZT *ntus e (*ntu- ‘nominal ?’) > AYM/JDM nʔũ e,
CQM nũ e
ũtʰ < *n-utʰ
PMZT *ʔju ‘drinkable’; also: CUZ ju -, CTN jo ‘river’; MHZ
ju ‘rain’; PCNT *zu ‘water’
juˀ ‘water’
gou d/ ase
PCNT *ʔɨ ‘gourd’ > sɨ
tʰe ‘gourd’
su / oo
PCNT *sɨ ʔ ‘moon’ > θeɡʔ; also: MHZ se ‘day’
sek ‘sun’
pe is/ ale
PCNT *ŋiu ‘male’
iu ‘penis’
sta
PCNT *ʔi-a > ʔa
ãʔ
die/fi ish
PCNT *u ‘inish’; also: PMTK *kuu ‘die’
u ‘die’
hog/ ig ga e
PCNT *kwe ‘big game’
kiwe ‘hog’
outh
speak/to gue
s eet potato
ate /li uid
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7
P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO
PAE)
.
a do e /hea t
PZPT *laˀtʲiˀ ‘heart’ > RCZ laʤiˀ, VAZ laʒəʔ,
COZ ledi-o, CUZ lez-oˀ; CTN tiˀ
letʲa ‘abdomen’ < *letʲi-a (-a
?)
.
ado e/s ash
PZPT *kʷas͈oˀo ‘adobe’, PCTN *tu > CTN tʲu
waˀ ʰu ‘smash’ < *baˀ ʰu
(also: waˀ ‘arepa’)
.
ai / i d
PZPT *kʷ-e ˀ ‘wind’ > MIZ beh, SBZ bʷɨh;
PCNT *n-kʷi ˀ ‘air’ > kʷi ̃ʔi ̃
wehja ‘wind’ < *b-eh-ja
(<ya> ‘wind’); also: ẽ ‘aloft,
in the air’ < *n-e , wẽhʲ
‘tobacco’
.
all/ u h
PZPT *tʲaˀ ‘all’ > COZ tæ; CNT taˀ ‘group/a
lot’; also: CNT a ‘much’
tʰa -kue ‘much’
a t/s o pio
PZPT *n-kʷe-tʲeˀ ‘ant’ > SBZ biʤih, COZ
mtʲee; PCTN kʷi-te ˀ CTN kʷitʲe ˀ
us-mitʲ ‘scorpion’ (us ‘bean’) <
*us +*n-b-itʲe ‘ant’
5.
.
a k
PCTN *tin uˀ > ti õʔ (also: PZPT *t-i ͈ iˀ >
JUZ xti ͈ i, CUZ ʃis, SCZ ti , ISZ d-e e, MIZ dehts)
.
a k/ oa
PZPT *toço͈ ‘bark, fierce’
.
at
PZPT *(kʷe-)ketiˀ ‘butterfly’+*sinaˀ ‘mouse’ = kʰi ̃h e < *kʰinhi en
ketiˀsinaˀ > COZ nɡid-zinʔ; pre-PCTN *(kʷi)kinhi > PCTN *kʷinhi > CTN kʷi ̃ ‘bat’ (prePCTN *-kinhi ‘bat’ + pre-PCTN *tinaˀ ‘mouse’
= pre-PCTN *-kinhitinaˀ); also: AMG ki ʰoon
.
east/jagua
PZPT *(kʷ-)e ˀ i ‘jaguar’ (kʷ- ‘nominal’) >
e ‘beast’ < *-e i
MIZ bedz, COZ m-biˀʤ, CUZ be z; PCTN *kʷi i
‘jaguar’; also: TPN ɡiʃaa/ɡiʃjoˀ ‘beast’
iz < * insu
tũ ʰ ‘moan’9 < *n-tu ʰu (n‘nominal’)
All Paeza fo s follo i g a aste isk ep ese t p e-Paez fo s offe ed
ea s of i te al e o st u tio .
Mo phe es put i
a kets e e 't ele a t i these o pa iso s. I' el i g o p e-Paez fo s
ea s of
i te al e o st u tio . Fo i sta e, all Paez ki ship te s ha e a p efi ed - that see s e i is e t a e of
a i alie a le o o i al p efi . It's si ila to so e o i al p efi es uite o
o i the Oto a guea
la guages a-, i-, et . . I' assu i g that p e-Paez has had p efi es like the Oto a guea o es, ut that the
e e lost o assi ilated i to the le i al oots esulti g i so e o phopho ologi al p o esses like asalizatio
of o els/so o a ts o palatalizatio . This app oa h is still p eli i a though.
7
The e is also a ha e that this fo
Ma e f o
ke hua tu i
a ef o
ild spi it’.
Colo ial “pa ish latido hea t eat’.
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7
P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO
PAE)
ʰiˀdʲ ‘bee’ <* ʰiˀd
.
ee/ho e
PZPT *(kʷe-) in-aˀ ‘honey’ > ATZ inaˀ, MIZ
dzun COZ m-ʤinʔ CUZ m-zin; pre-PCTN
*kʷi iˀn-a > PCTN *kʷiˀna > CTN *kʷiɲaˀ
.
ee/ asp
PZPT * kʷ-ensoˀ ‘bee’ > ISZ bizu, COZ mbeˀz, mezukue ‘wasp’ < *benzu+CUZ mbed; PCTN *kʷento > kʷetõ ‘bee’
kue (n- ‘nominal’; -kue ‘DIM’)
.
lood
PZPT *tʲe-ne > VAZ ɟen, RCZ rɨn, JUZ re -ne,
COZ ten; PCTN *te-ni
.
o e
PZPT *tʲit ͈a > VAZ ʒit, CUZ siθ, COZ tiθ; PCTN dʲiˀtʰ < *n-tʲiˀtʰa
*n-tiha > CTN tʲihjã
e < *tʰe
PZPT *ki ͈ o ‘break/get broken’
ki ‘ravine’
assa a/ ilpa
PZPT *ni-ja ‘milpa’ (*ni- ‘nominal’)
jã < *n-ja ‘cassava’ (*n‘nominal’)
.
lothes
PZPT *latʲeˀ > MIZ lahd, COZ laˀt; CTN lateˀ
atʰe < *latʰe; atʰ ‘put on
clothes’ < *latʰ
.
old
PZPT *-ak-a ‘catarrh, cold’
akʰ ‘cold’
.
ook i
ate / ate
PZPT *n-is͈-a ‘water’ > YAZ n-is, COZ ni , JUZ i ̃ ‘cook in water’ < *n-i
inda; PCTN *h-ita > CTN hitʲa
.
o e t/ ight
PZPT *l ͈i; CTN li ‘right’
dʲih < *dih
.
o e /shell
PZPT *çakʷa ‘bark/clothes’, CTN skʷa
ʃape ‘shell’
. da k/da k ess
PZPT *çin͈i
ʃiˀdʲ < *sʲiˀdi
. doo /i side
PZPT (kʷe-)li ˀ ‘door’ (see also: PZPT *l ͈eˀa
‘inside/belly’)
dʲi ‘inside’ < *di
. d ip
PZPT * u ˀniˀ, PCTN *suni > CTN ʃni
sud
. eat
PZPT *a-ko > JUZ ɡo, PCTN *ku
ũˀ < *buˀ
PZPT *tʲoˀwa ‘mouth/edge’, PCTN *tuˀkʷa
‘mouth/edge’ > CTN tuˀba
tʰũˀwa/tʰũˀwe ‘ear/edge’
*PZPT *keˀe, PCTN *nkiˀe
ime < *i ̃ɡe < *n-ɡie (*n‘nominal’)
PZPT *(k/)n-eçu
͈ ‘avocado’ > COZ n-iʃ; PCTN
*-esu
niʃ ‘pulp/fat’ < *n-isʲu
.
oke / a i e
5.
5. edge
. e
e e t
. fat/a o ado
7
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7
P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO
PAE)
. fe e/ est
PZPT *lo ˀ ‘fence’; also: PZPT *lo ˀna ‘bed’
du ‘nest’
. field/so
PZPT *tʲa s-a ‘sow’ > RCZ raz-, ATZ rad-a,
CUZ jad-a , COZ -az-; PCTN *ni-tata > CTN
ndʲata
tʰaʃ ‘field/bush’ < *tʰasʲ
. fi e ood/ u
PZPT *aˀkiˀ ‘cook/burn’; also: PZPT *ki ‘ire’,
PCTN *ki ˀ
eˀkʲ ‘irewood’ < *eˀki
. fish
PZPT *kʷ-el ͈-a > VAZ bel ͈, CUZ mbel; PCTN
*kʷela
wedʲ < *bedʲ
. flea/it h
PZPT *kʷakʷaˀ ‘itch’ > ISZ babaˀ
pãˀpã ‘flea’ < n-paˀpa (*n‘nominal’)
. fl
PZPT *kʷ-iˀja ‘ly, mosquito’
ɸi ̃ʃ ‘fly’ < *n-pisʲa
PZPT *ku ˀ eˀ ‘pus’ > JUZ ɡu iˀ, RCZ ɡuʤiˀ,
COZ ɡuˀʒ; PCTN *ku eˀ
buˀ < *buˀ ʲe
i se t
. foa /pus
5. foot/a i e
PZPT *tʲina ‘arrive’ > CUZ sin
i ̃da ‘foot’ < * ida
. fo est/ g ee
ea th
PZPT *jo ‘earth’ + PZPT *k͈aˀ ‘green’ =
jukʰ ‘forest’
*jo k͈aˀ; PCTN *ju ‘terra’ + PCTN *kaˀa ‘green’
. ghost/ki
PZPT *kʷeçeˀ ‘ghost’; also: PZPT *kʷeˀ
‘3.kinsmen’
weˀʃ ‘ghost/kin’ < *besʲiˀ
. gou d/ ase
PZPT *tʲe ˀ ‘vase’ > COZ te ˀ, CUZ re ; PCTN
*nte ˀ > CTN teˀẽ
tʰe ‘gourd’
. hai /feathe
PZPT *k-i ͈ a(ˀ) ‘hair’ > ATZ i ͈ aˀ, RCZ ɡ-i aˀ,
COZ ɡ-i , CUZ j-is; PCNT *nki aˀ > CTN
*kitsãˀ
βih a ‘bird’ < *bih ʲa ‘feather
?’10
. ha k
PZPT *kʷe-s͈iˀja > ATZ beθ͈iaˀ, RCZ bisiaˀ, MIZ pi ɣa < *pi ʰija
bisih, VAZ bsia, ISZ bisia, CUZ m-ti, COZ m- i;
pre-PCTN *kʷitijaˀ > PCTN *kʷijaˀ > CTN
kʷiˀja
. head
PZPT *(j-/l ͈-)ek͈e-> SYZ l ͈eɡˀ, RCZ ik-r͈aˀ,
CUZ/COZ j-ek, MIZ j-ehk; CTN h-ike
This possi le se a ti
ool, hai ’ .
ha ge
a
e li ked to a othe o e: PAE kʰas
dʲiktʰe ‘head’ < *dʲikʰ+tʰe (tʰe maybe from: tʰeɡ ‘look at’);
also: dʲkʰas ‘hair’ < *dʲikʰ-kʰas
(kʰas ‘wool’)
ool, hai , feathe ’ < p e-PAE *kʰas
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7
P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO
PAE)
. hot
PZPT * a ˀ > ATZ aˀa, MIZ ʤaˀ, COZ æ
a a < *a ʲa < * ʲa
. house/path
PZPT *neˀe, PCTN *niˀi ̃
dʲiˀh ‘path’ < *diˀh
. house/s eat
lodge
PZPT *ja ‘sweat lodge’; also: PMZT *(nti)ʔja
‘house’ (*nti- ‘nominal’ ?)
jat ‘house’ < *ja-t (*-t ‘?’, see
86)
PZPT *(k-)iˀçIˀ
͈ ‘bush/herb’> JUZ/ATZ içiˀ,
͈
SBZ j-içeˀ,
YAZ
j-iç
əˀ,
ISZ
ɡ-iˀçiˀ,
RCZ
ɡ-iʃiˀ,
͈
͈
COZ j-iʃ; PCTN *kinsIˀ ‘bush/herb’ > CTN
kiʃẽˀ, kʃi ̃ˀ
e ‘leaf, paper’ < *e e
. life/d elli g
PZPT *litʲi ‘dwelling/house’; pre-PCTN *nliti
> PCTN *nliˀi > CTN niˀi ̃
i ̃tʲi ̃ < *nitʲi < *n-litʲi
. light
PZPT *ni ˀ
e n < *ne
. liza d
PZPT *wa ͈ iˀ > COZ/MHZ wa ; CTN kʷa iˀ
lawẽ < *law(i)+*we i (laβʲ
‘slick’ < *lawi)
. louse
PZPT *(kʷe-)nt ͈ʲe ˀ > COZ mti, CUZ mse ˀ, MIZ ẽs < *nse (n- ‘nominal’ ?)
beˀ ; pre-PCTN *(kʷi)-ntiˀ > PCTN *kʷitʲi ̃ˀ
5. leaf/he
5 .
aize
PZPT *n-çokʷ-aˀ > COZ n-ʤop, CUZ n-zob,
MHZ n-zoˀɸ; PCTN *nsukʷaˀ
ʃũpʲ ‘boiled maize’ < *n-sʲupe
(n- ‘nominal’ ?)
5 .
aize/ ello
PZPT *ku ͈ i ‘yellow’, CTN ku i
kutʲʰ ‘maize’ <*ku ʲʰi
5 .
ale/ othe
PZPT *kʷ-eˀ ͈ -iˀ ‘brother’ > ATZ be ͈ iˀ, RCZ
pih < *pi ʰu ‘male’
bɨ , VAZ biʃ, COZ wi ; see also: PCTN *kʷ-i uˀ > kʷi uˀ ‘homosexual’
5 .
a
PZPT *ni-kiˀ(-ju) (*ni- ‘nominal’, *ju ‘3.male’) n-miˀ < *n-biˀ (n- ‘nominal’)
>MIZ ni-ɡi, COZ m-ɡiˀ; CTN kiˀ-ju
(see also: ju ‘wife’)
5 .
a
55.
5 .
PZPT *kal ͈a- ‘twenty’ > RCZ ɡala; CTN kala
wala ‘many’ < *bala
a ket/ u
PZPT *keˀj-a ‘market’, PCTN *kijaˀ
wej < *bej ‘buy’
eat
PZPT *kʷe ˀlaˀ ‘meat/flesh’
peˀla ‘peace of meat’
/t e t
P)PT * esa ea s path’ a d a e a o ple o d o posed
house’ a d
P)PT *sa alk’ > P)PT * esa path’ > ‘C) ɨz, MI) ehz, CO) ez, CU) ed .
alk’ P)PT * eˀe house’+
Ma e also: P)PT * l-/k- iˀ i͈ pape ’ > JU) i i͈ , I“) ɡ-iˀ iˀ, ‘C) ‘C) ɡ-i i , “B) j-iʃ, “B) l-/j-iʃ; PCTN *kiti.
P)PT *keˀtsuˀ g ai ’ > AT) je uˀ, I“) ɡiˀʤuˀ, CO) ɡeˀʒ, CU) jeˀs; CNT *kitsuˀ > ki uˀ.
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7
P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO
PAE)
5 .
u us/ otte
PZPT *j-u ˀ uˀ ‘rotten’, PCTN *(nku-) uˀ >
nɡu uˀ
ɲutʲ ‘mucus’ < *n-ju ʲu (n‘nominal’)
5 .
outh/ eal
PZPT *çuwe ‘meal’ > JUZ j ̃uwẽ, ATZ ʤuwe ,
MIZ ɟweh, CUZ ʃwi)
juwe ‘mouth’ < *juwe
5 .
e k/shoulde
PZPT *çik͈o- ‘shoulder’ > ATZ ʐik͈-ja, ISZ ʒikeʔ, tʲʰikʰ ‘neck’ < *tʲʰikʰu
COZ ʃik; PCTN *n-siku > CTN sikũ
.
ight/afte oo
PZPT *ko eˀ ‘afternoon’ >MIZ ɡuʤeh, SBZ
ɡuʤɨh; PCTN *(n-)kusi > CTN nkusi ̃
.
ose
pre-PZPT *n-isʲeˀ > PZPT *çiˀe > MIZ ʒiˀ, ISZ i ̃ < *n-i e (n- ‘nominal’ ?)
ʒiˀi, COZ ʃe , CUZ ʃi : PCTN * n-sieˀ > CTN si ̃ʔ,
sijẽˀ
kus ‘night’ < *kusɨ
. o e/te
CTN ti ‘ten’; also PZPT * ͈ i ˀ ‘ten’
. pe is/ ale
YAZ ʃoˀolə, SBZ ʃoˀole ‘spouse’; PCTN * ula >
CTN ula ‘male’
. pot
PZPT *kes͈oˀ > COZ ɡe ; PCTN *nkituˀ > CTN mitʲʰ < *nbi ʰu (n- ‘nominal’
kitʲũˀ
?)
5. po de /sa d
te - ‘one’
kuˀ ‘sandy’ < *kuˀ ʲu
PZPT *kuˀçu
͈ ‘powder’
.
a
it/gui ea pig PZPT *kʷ-i ͈ i ‘rabbit’
.
ai
o
.
ulʲ ‘penis’ <* ʲulʲ
ɸi ʰ < pi i ‘guinea pig’
PZPT *(kʷe-)kit ͈-aˀ > RCN bi-ɡit-aˀ, CUZ kiˀθ
(<*kiθ-aˀ), COZ m-ɡiθ
kʲtʰũ s < *kitʰ-ũ s (ũ s ‘spirit’)
eed
PZPT *ki , PCTN *ki
kʰi ̃ h < n-kʰi h
.
eed
PZPT *kʷeli ˀ ‘fence of reeds’
pel ‘reed’
.
ope/i tle
PZPT *ke e ‘ixtle’, PCTN *ki e > CTN ki e
wes ‘rope’ < *bese
. sad/poo
RCZ je iˀ ‘poor/sad’, SYZ jeʃˀ ‘poor’, COZ jiʒ
‘sad’; CTN l-ihʲi
nʲus ‘sad’ < *n-ɨs (*n‘nominal’)
. sa d/sp i kled/
PZPT *ɡu-/n- eˀe ‘sprinkle/sprinkled (water or muse ‘sand, sprinkled, tiny’14
dust)’ > YAZ ɡʷ-ʒaˀ/n-ʒaˀ, OCZ ɡʷ-ʒeˀe, SBZ < *n-buse (*n- ‘nominal’)
ɡʷ-ʒeˀe/n-ʒeˀ; CTN m eˀ ‘tiny'
ti
. see
PAE kuet-
PZPT *wi- > COZ wi, CUZ wiˀ; CTN kʷiˀ-
use sa d’ kuet sto e’ , PAE us- use d izzle’
ui <*uwi
us ai ’ ; JU) i ͈a t͈e d izzle’ i a͈ ai ’ t͈e ash’ .
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7
P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO
. sha a / edi i e PZPT *(kʷe-)çosi
͈ ‘shaman/father’ > ISZ ʃoze,
COZ ʃuz, CUZ ʃud; PCTN *suti
5. shout
PAE)
juˀ e ‘medicine’
PZPT *kʷ-e i ‘shout/call’
we i ‘mock, rebuff’ < *be i
. shout/ ake
oise
PZPT *(n-)kʷe ‘make noise’ > COZ n-gʷeˀi,
PCTN *(n-)kʷi ‘loud’ > CTN kʷi ̃
wej ‘shout’ < *bei
. si k ess/ ug
PZPT *kʷe-eʔ ‘nit/bug’ > ATZ be ʔ; COZ kʷə
‘sick’
we ‘sickness’ <*be
. siste -i -la
PZPT *kʷe-çis͈a, PCTN *sita > ʃtʲa
p-tʲiˀnsa < *pe-tʲiˀn a
. ski /hide
PZPT *kaˀ ͈ iˀ ‘hide/hidden’ > ATZ ɡa ͈ iˀ, MIZ kʰaˀtʲ ‘skin’ < *kʰaˀtʲi
ɡaˀ , RCZ ɡa iˀ, ISZ ɡaˀ iˀ, COZ n-ɡa ; prePCTN *w-ka iˀ > PCTN *kʷa iˀ > CTN
kʷa iˀ
. sk / o e
PZPT *kʷaˀ ‘sky’
. s ake
PZPT *kʷe-eˀl ͈-a ‘snake, worm’> YAZ bel ͈, COZ ul < *bɨl/*bul
m-beˀl; PCTN *n-kʷIla ‘snake’ > kʷaɲã (<
*kʷailã), kʷenã (<*kʷelã); also: pre-PCTN *nkuloˀ > PCTN *kunõˀ ‘worm’ > CTN nkunuˀ
. so /pla tatio
PZPT *k-a saˀ ‘sow’ > ATZ ɡ-ada, RCZ ɡ-azaˀ, wa ‘plantation’ <*ba
VAZ ɡ-azə, COZ az; PCTN *k-ata
. spea /a o
PZPT *kʷas-a ‘arrow’ > COZ waˀz, MHZ wad; weˀtʰ ‘spear’ < *beˀtʰ ‘spear’
PCTN CTN *kʷat-i > CTN kʷatʲi ‘bow and
arrow’
. s ueeze
PZPT *k-çi ˀ ‘squeeze’, PCTN *nkusi > CTN
kusi ̃
kuˀs ‘squeeze’ <*kuˀse
PZPT *so
ũsu
. sto e/egg
PZPT *kowe ‘egg’
kuet ‘stone’ < *kuwe-t (-t ‘?’,
see 44)
. su /da
PZPT * a ‘day’, PCTN *n- a > CTN ã
sek
. s eet
PZPT *(s-/k-/n-)eçe͈ > YAZ ziç,͈ JUZ j-içi,
͈ MIZ ɲuʃa < *n-ɨsʲɨ-a (-a ?)
n-ehʃ, CUZ n-iʃ, COZ n-iθ; PCTN *tisi > CTN
tʲiʃi
. take a a
PZPT *latEˀ
5. sta d
waˀ ‘cover’ < *baˀ
at < *lat
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7
P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO
PAE)
PCTN *kʷi ̃ ‘talk’ + PCTN *-tiˀi ‘voice’ =
*kʷi ̃ tiˀi; PZPT *t ͈ʲiˀi ‘voice’
pẽtʲʰ ‘throat’ < *pẽi-tʲʰi (pẽi
‘ask’)
PZPT *ko-kʷi - ‘sun’ (*ko- ‘nominal’) > ATZ
ubi a, YAZ ɡubiʤi, OCZ nɡubiʣɨ, MIZ
ɡubihʤ, VAZ ɡʷbiʤ, COZ wiˀʒ, CUZ wiz;
PCTN *kʷits-a ‘sun’; also: OTM n-hʷe ˀ
‘thunder’
kpiˀʃ ‘thunder’ < *ku-piˀs
(*ku- ‘nominal’ ?)
. thi /s all
PZPT *-las͈iˀ- ‘thin’
leˀ ‘small’ < leˀ i
. tip/tho
PZPT *ke ͈ eˀ ‘thorn’, PCTN *ki eˀ
βi ‘peak/tip’< *ɡi e
. toad
PZPT *kʷ-etʲiˀ >COZ m-bi , MIZ beʣ, ISZ
biʤiˀ; PCTN *kʷitiˀ > CTN kʷitʲiˀ
bu i < *bɨ i
PZPT *tʲuˀ- ‘mouth’ + PZPT *-n͈e ‘speak’ =
*tʲuˀn͈e; PCTN *tuˀ- ‘mouth’, CTN ni ̃ ‘name’ =
*tuˀni ̃
tʰune ‘tongue’
. tooth/pie e
PZPT > *ki ˀto- ‘pierce’; PCTN *w-kihu ?>
CTN kʷihʲu
kiˀtʰ ‘tooth’ < *kiˀtʰu
. tu e/ a e
PZPT *(n-/k-/x-)et ͈a ‘cane’ (n-/k-/x- ‘nominal’) jutʰa ‘tube’ < *jɨtʰa
> ATZ jet ͈ia, YAZ jetʰ, VAZ jetR, RCZ jɨRta;
PCTN *(l-)iha > CTN lihʲa
. tu ke
PZPT *kʷ-etʲ-o > SBZ/YAZ be ʰʷ, SYZ be ʰ;
CTN kʷitu ‘chicken’; also: AMG ki ʰon
‘chicken’
. up
PZPT *tʲa-ˀa > ATZ raˀ, RCZ raˀa-, VAZ ʤaʔa; tʰa-kue
PCTN *ita ˀ > CTN tʲa ˀ
. th oat/ oi e
. thu de /su
5
5. to gue/
outh+speak
ɸiʤ < *pin u
. u i e/sou
pre-PZPT *iseˀ > PZPT *sieˀ ‘sour’ : PCTN
*tieˀ; also: PZPT *n-içeˀ
͈ ‘urine’ > COZ ne ,
YAZ niçəˀ
͈ : PCTN *iseˀ ‘sour’> CTN ʃeˀ (CTN
tʲiˀa ʃeˀ ‘urine’, lit.: ‘water+sour’)
iz ‘urine’ <*i ̃se < *nise
. u i ate
SYZ oʒˀ, SBZ oʒaˀ, YAZ oʒəˀ
suˀs
The the eligious/ os ologi al asso iatio s of the “u as the a est al C eato deit as ell as of the jagua
a d the thu de as a ifestatio s of the di i e po e o stitute e t al aspe ts i so e ultu es of
No th este “outh A e i a ‘ei hel-Dol atoff 7 , F iede a & A o ha
. Aspe ts of this o ld ie is
also e ide t i the a haeologi al site of “a Agustí , i the “outhe Colo ia A des Cu illos
.
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7
P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO
PAE)
. ul a/fe ale
PZPT *kos͈eˀ ‘female’ > COZ ɡo ; PCTN
*kuteˀ; also COZ nɡuz ‘penis/fruit/egg’
.
ate / i e
PZPT *jawo ‘river’ > COZ ju, JUZ jo, SCZ jouˀ, juˀ ‘water’ < *jauˀ <*jawuˀ
YAZ/SYZ jao
.
he e?
PCTN *n-te > CTN n-de
5. zapote /paez
kuʃ ‘vulva’ < *kuʃi
m-tee
PZPT *na ‘1.P.I’+ PZPT *sa ‘zapotec’ = *nasa nasa
‘we the zapotecs’; CTN la-ta ‘zapotec’ (CTN la
‘3.respectful’)
. .P
PZPT *wE, CTN kʷa
kueˀ-ʃ (-ʃ ‘plural’)
. .“
PZPT *naˀ > ISZ naˀa; CTN naˀ
adʲ < *ad < *da
.
PZPT *liˀ > RCZ liˀ, VAZ leˀ, ISZ liˀi
idʲ < *id < *li
. flute
CTN kuwi
kuβʲ < *kuwi
. fatt seed
PZPT *ketʲe, PCTN *kite ‘pine’
kitʰ ‘peanut’
. peel
PZPT *tuk͈ʷiˀ ‘peeled, naked, unprotected’ > tupʲ ‘peel’ < *tupi; tũpʲ
JUZ tup͈iˀ, COZ tub (also: CTN tukʷiˀ ‘peel’, m- ‘peeled/naked’ < *m-tupi
tukʷiˀ ‘peeled’; PZPT *tu ˀkʷiˀ ‘feather’ > SBZ
dobeˀ)
. ga de /g ass
JUZ tul ͈a ‘coarse grass/zacatón’
tul ‘garden’
.
SBZ/YAZ ʃbab ‘intelligence/mind’
papa ‘brain’
ai / i d
. ope/i testi es
5.
o a
PZPT *toˀ ‘rope’, PCTN *n-hu > CTN hũ ‘rope’ me -tuˀʰ ‘intestine’ (lit.: ‘shit
rope’, ime ‘shit’)
PCTN * uˀ > CTN oˀ ‘woman/female kin’
uˀj < *juˀ
. defe ate
PCTN *(ki-/n-) uˀ
ũ < *n- ʲu (n- nominal’)
.gi d
ZPT *k-u ˀ-, PCTN *n-ku > ko , kõ
ũˀkʰ < *n-kʰuˀ (n- nominal’)
.
PZPT *l-/k-et ͈aˀ- ‘go down/descent/down’
kitʰe ‘bend’
. thi k
YAZ/SBZ ake
ja kʲ
. hief/people
PZPT *kʷ-en͈eˀ ‘people/family’ YAZ ben͈əˀ, SYZ kuene ‘bright/energy/wisdom’
ben͈ˀ, MIZ beʰn͈, ISZ bin͈i, COZ men; PCTN
*kʷini > CTN kʷiɲi
e d/ go do
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
I spite that all atte pts to lassif the Paez la guages ha e failed u til o , I ould
fi d so e o ust e ide e that Paez a d P oto-)apote a a e ge eti all elated. Co side i g
the i te al e o st u tio s offe ed fo Paez,
those la guages a
e see
as eal og ates, si e the
o espo de es a d a e se a ti all
p eli i a
ost of the le i al pa allels fou d et ee
ea
e u e t pho ologi al
elated. Based o the data p ese ted i Ta le , a
a al sis of the pho ologi al o espo de e sets is offe ed i
ello .
TABLE 7: PHONOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE SETS BETWEEN
PROTO-CHATINO, PROTO-ZAPOTEC, PRE-PAEZ AND PAEZ
P‘OTOCHATINO
*k͈ʷ
*kʷ
*ɡʷ
*kʷ
*kʷ
*kʷ
P‘OTO)APOTEC
*k͈ʷ, *kʷ
*w
*kʷ
P‘E-PAE)
PAE)
IN“TANCE“
ɸ /#_i
33, 66, 98
p /elsewhere
20, 32, 40, 50, 52, 56, 69, 78, 90, 91, 111
*w /_u, _i
∅
73, 103
*w /elsewhere
w
25, 48, 58, 86
*p
*b /_ɨ, _u
b, ∅
81, 94
*b /[nasal]_
m
5, 11
*b /elsewhere
w
2, 3, 31, 37, 75, 76, 77, 80, 83
*k͈
*k, h
*k͈, *k
*kʰ
kʰ
8, 17, 36, 41, 59, 68, 79, 117
*k
*k
*k
*k
k
14, 30, 51, 60, 65, 67, 84, 86, 96, 102,
110, 118
*ɡ
*t ͈ʲ
*tʲ
*k
*t
*t
*k
*t ͈ʲ, *tʲ
*tʲ
*b /_ɨ, _u
b, ∅
24, 34
*b /[nasal]_
m
26, 53, 64, 72
*b /elsewhere
β /_i
39, 93
w /elsewhere
54, 55, 70, 82
*tʲʰ
tʲʰ /_i
90
tʰ /elsewhere
4, 16, 25, 29, 38, 95, 99, 110
* /_u
ʤ /[nasal]_
98
*tʲ /elsewhere
dʲ /[nasal]_
13
tʲ /elsewhere
1, 5, 46
/elsewhere
-
*dʲ
*j
*j
*j
j
15, 36, 40, 44, 46, 55, 57, 103
*t ͈
*h
*t ͈, *t
*tʰ
tʰ
13, 67, 96, 97, 118
*t
*h
*t
* /_i
*t /elsewhere
*d
* ͈ ʲ,
* ʲ
*n
*
*n
*ts͈, *
*d
* ʲ(ʰ)
6
t
7, 89, 111, 114
dʲ /i_#, ɨ_#
10, 21
d /elsewhere
23, 35, 43, 107
tʲ(ʰ) /_i
51, 57, 79
ʰ /elsewhere
( )
34, 39, 42, 63, 116
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 7: PHONOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE SETS BETWEEN
PROTO-CHATINO, PROTO-ZAPOTEC, PRE-PAEZ AND PAEZ
P‘OTOCHATINO
* ͈
*
*ts
* , *s
P‘OTO)APOTEC
* ͈, *
*
P‘E-PAE)
* (ʰ)
z /[nasal]_
91
s /elsewhere
23, 60, 70, 72, 87
h
3, 19, 39, 43, 68, 114
*s͈
*t
*s͈, *s
* (ʰ)
*s
*ç,͈ *ç
14, 52, 93
ʰ /elsewhere
*s /elsewhere
*h
*s͈ʲ
9, 10, 48, 66, 75
6
∅
*s
ʰ /._i
( )
( )
ʃ
∅
*t
ʰ /._i
40, 92
( )
2, 6, 18, 64, 82
( )
ʰ /elsewhere
*ʃ /._i
ʃ
102
*s /elsewhere
z /[nasal]_
11, 100
s /elsewhere
85, 105
* (ʰ) /._e
( )
ʰ
45, 61
( )
( )
59, 78
* ʲ ʰ /elsewhere tʲ ʰ /_i
ʰ /elsewhere
( )
*sʲ
*s
*zʲ
*s
*l ͈
*l
*l
*n͈,
*l
*n
*ç
*ç,͈ *ç
*l ͈
*l
*n͈, *n
*a
*a
65
*s /_e
s
84
*sʲ /elsewhere
ʃ
20, 21, 37, 50, 88
*j
j
58, 74, 97
*dʲ /i_, _i, _e
dʲ
19, 22, 31, 41, 108
*d /_u
d
28
*l /elsewhere
l
54, 81
*l
∅ /#_a
16, 89
l /elsewhere
1, 46, 56, 63, 69, 92
ni, ∅i ̃ /_i
18, 61
m /_b
5, 11
n /elsewhere
15, 27, 46, 47, 53, 95, 105
a
2, 4, 15, 16, 17, 20, 25, 29, 32, 35, 39, 40,
*n
*n
*a
IN“TANCE“
*ʃ /i_
*h
*s
PAE)
*a
42, 44, 54, 56, 78, 80, 82, 89, 97, 99, 105,
107
*æ
*a
*a
*e
e
1, 20, 30, 38, 48, 83, 87, 106, 118
*e
*e
*e
*e
e
3, 11, 12, 16, 26, 31, 34, 37, 38, 56, 58,
69, 70, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 86, 90
*i
*i
*e
*e
e
3, 9, 55, 70
*i
*i
*e
e
8, 45, 47, 62, 74, 84
*i
*i
*i
i
1, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19, 21, 22, 30,
33, 35, 39, 40, 51, 53, 59, 61, 66, 68, 73,
75, 78, 91, 94, 96, 100, 108, 111
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 7: PHONOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE SETS BETWEEN
PROTO-CHATINO, PROTO-ZAPOTEC, PRE-PAEZ AND PAEZ
P‘OTOCHATINO
*o
*u
*u
P‘OTO)APOTEC
P‘E-PAE)
*o
*u
PAE)
*u
*u
*u
IN“TANCE“
∅ /_#
59, 64, 96, 98, 103
u /elsewhere
2, 7, 11, 24, 25, 28, 50, 74, 85, 91, 114
∅ /_#
6, 23, 27, 51, 65, 102, 111
u /elsewhere
34, 36, 57, 58, 60, 65, 72, 84, 86, 95, 102,
116, 117
*ɨ
*i
*e
∅ /_#
*ɨ
46, 60, 81, 88, 94, 97
u /elsewhere
*i
*e
*i
∅ /_#
5, 8, 26, 27, 40, 41, 43, 49, 52, 64, 76, 88,
i /elsewhere
93, 98, 110
The follo i g Cha t is ased o the a al sis sho
te tati e e o st u tio of the pho ologi al s ste
i Ta le 7 a d ep ese ts a
of the o
o a esto of p e-Paez a d
P oto-)apote a :
CHART 2: PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF THE COMMON ANCESTOR BETWEEN PRE-PAEZ AND PROTO-ZAPOTECAN
CONSONANTS
[–cont]
[–soan]
[+cont]
[+soan]
[–son]
[+son]
[–son]
[+son]
[–lat]
[+lat]
[+coronal]
[–coronal]
t, ʦ
d, ʣ
s
z
n
l
k
ɡ
h
[+high]
[–high]
C͈ (fortition)
ONSET
SUPRASEGMENTS
[–arred]
VOWELS
[–ant]
i
e
æ
ɨ
u
a
o
[–low]
[+low]
V (lenght)
RHYME
SUPRASEGMENTS
CV (vocalization)16
[+arred]
[+ant]
Vˀ (glotalization)
Fo so e le i al pa allels, the e a e pho e es ea i g o e u e t o espo de es.
These
a
ep ese t
i
et u attested
ut
e u e t sou d
o espo de es,
ii
u p edi ta le sou d ha ges, o e e that those le i al pa allels ep ese t iii loa s o i
o - og ates. It’s i po ta t to e phasize that fu the
esea h is eeded, though. Befo e
goi g fu the o the topi of Oto a guea i flue e i “outh A e i a, I’d like to d a
atte tio to p o a le Ma a loa s i Paez fou d
e, sho
i Ta le .
Vo alized o so a ts ea i g the o - o o al featu e su fa ed as la ialized ◌ʷ , he eas those ea i g the
o o al featu e su fa ed as palatalized ◌ʲ .
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 8: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN MAYAN AND PAEZ
MAYAN
PAEZ
pM *ʔu l > TOJ/QAN ulul ‘atole’
luˀl ‘grind waterly food’
i d/ o k
EM+ *pi tʲˀ ‘bird’
pih ‘cock’
lood/flesh
pM *kikˀ ‘blood’ > PCh * ˀi ˀ
i ‘flesh’
utte fl
pM *pehpen > PCh *pehpem
mehme
o
pM *ʔiʃiʔm > PCh *ʔiʃim
sʲib
dee /lio
pM *kehχ > PCh * iχ ‘deer/horse’
ʃi ̃ʔh ‘lion’
fathe
pM *ta taʔ
tata
house/ illage
EM *kabˀal ‘house’ > WAS abal
ladde /high
LL+Was *ʔehbˀ > WASw ʔe b
ẽ
li e
pM *ʔiʔ ˀ ‘alive, awaken’
ɸiʔze ‘life, living’
ou tai
pM *wi > PCh *wi
βi
ouse
GM *ʔi ˀ
ɸi ʰ
old
pM *ri χ > TZO/TOJ jiχ
ĩʃ
path/ idge
pM *bˀe h ‘path’ > POP/AKA bˀeh
weh ‘bridge’
Pleiades/Via
La tea
EM+Hue *moʔo ‘Pleiades’ > KCHk mos, PCH
mo , POP/QAN mo
ãʔ-muʃ ‘Via Lactea’ (ãʔ ‘star’)
CM *mus ‘drizzle’ > PCh *mus
nus ‘rain’
WM *kˀintum
kʲtʰũ s < *kitʰ-ũ s (ũ s ‘spirit’)
shi e/ ello
pM *lem ‘shine’ > PCh *lem
lem ‘yellow’
shoot/ lo gu
EM+ *puhbˀ ‘blowgun’ > PQM puhbˀal
ũhpa ‘shoot’
teat
EM+* u ʔ/* u
teat/sto a h
CM *tuʔ ‘mother/teat’ > MCH -tu tu ʔ, PCH -tut
tutʲ ‘stomach’
tho /tooth
pM *kˀiʔʃ ‘thorn’ > WASw kˀi th
kiʔtʰ ‘tooth’
to a o
pM *mahʲ
wãhʲ
hat
EM *k-eh
ki ̃h
ea /sta
pM *haʔbˀ ‘year’ > PCh *habˀ
ãʔ ‘star’
atole/ ate
food
ai
ai
o
‘mother/teat’ > KCH/IXL u
7
ʰab ‘village’
uʔ ‘teat’
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
. .
OTOMANGUEAN AND OTHE‘ LANGUAGE“ F‘OM NW “OUTH-AME‘ICA
Besides the a o e, the e a e also a good a ou t of le i al o espo de es elati g
the Oto a guea sto k a d La guage Fa ilies hose speake s e e settled at least si e the
XV e tu
AD i Lo la ds that lies to the east of the No the
follo s I
ill sho
the data fo ea h of the . It
o pa iso s a e still p eli i a
•
A des Mou tai s. I
hat
ust e oted, ho e e , that these
a d shall e fu the add essed i the futu e.
“ALIBAN-HOTI
I o side that the e a e so e o ust pa allels et ee Oto a guea a d Duho, ost
et ee the Weste -Oto a guea a d the “ali a -Hoti
a hes, as see i Ta le .
TABLE 9: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN WESTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI
.“
WE“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN
“ALIBAN-HOTI
MTZ tu-h-, TWK to-, OTM d-
PSLB * -/*-d,HTI -t, BTO rPIA tʰɯ, MKO ɯtʰɯ
TWK ki[t]-, OTM ɡ-; POTM *kʔ(e)
PSLB *kʷ-> SLB kʷ-, k-, ɡ-, BTO h-
.“/i pe ati e
MTZ ʔí-h- ‘2.S’
PIA -ih, -iʔ ‘IMP’
.P
MTZ *-tˀə-hə
PSLB *-tʰ > PIA/MKO -tʰ, SLB -h; PIA
hituhah, SLB hituha; see also: PIA tɨhãʔ
‘human being’
.“
MTZ ku-h-; also: POTP *khoˀ
‘who’
PSLB *kʰ-> PIA kʰ-, MKO h-, SLB x-
POTP *-pi, OTM b- ‘3.S’
HTI bi-, MKO b-, PIA/SLB pi- ‘this’; also:
BTO ub(i)- ‘3.P’
TPN jaũ, SBT jaŋṹ ‘arm’
SLB ako ‘branch’
TPN idiʔ, SBT idí ‘ashes’
HTI ini-o ‘ashes’ (-o ‘CLF.tiny’); SLB/PIA idi
‘dirt’
CRT si
SLB te (- e) (SLB - e ‘CLS.elongate’) ‘belly’
.“
/this
a
/ a h
ashes/di t
ell /guts
HTI ʰkæ, MKO ɯkʷɯ
PSLB *-kʰ ‘3.S.F’ > PIA -kʰ, MKO -h, SLB -x
SLB ite(-bo) (HTI -bo ‘CLS.tubular’)
HTI te(-bo) ‘guts’ (HTI -bo ‘CLS.tubular’)
ell -li e
TPN ɡikó ‘liver’
HTI ekʲo ‘belly’
SLB ikooʔ ‘stomach’
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 9: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN WESTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI
WE“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN
“ALIBAN-HOTI
POTP *n-koe > OTM nɡø, MAZ
ŋɡeʔe, NP -ŋɡwɛˀ ‘meat’
SLB kʷaʔu, HTI iʰkʷə-, PIA ukʷɤha
utte fl
TPN ʃ-pihpi/bihpi
PIA pʰerepʰa
hest/hea t
POTP *mʉ ‘heart’ > OTP mʉi,
MAZ mʉbˀʉ
HDI me(e), PIA ami, MKO omu, SLB omi-xẽ
‘chest’
hild
CH ni, OTP ni’i, NPO naʔi
SLB nẽ , HTI ini ̃
hili/ edi i e
SP tetˀe, CH tarˀi, NP stadɛ, OTM
ˀjẽtʰi, MAZ ɲẽ hẽ ‘medicine’
HTI lãʰte, PIA rathe, SLB tare, MKO laɗi
‘chili’
o
POTP *nhõamh; CPN ndoma; CRT
nahma/ɲuhmi
PIA ɲãmẽ/ɲamuɯ, MKO ɲõmu, SLB ʤomo,
BTO romu, HTI ʰtãbu
u e/sha a
CRT n-juuha ‘shaman’
HTI ju, PIA juu ‘cure’
die
TPN na-kʰajuũ; SBT ɡa-ɡájũ
SLB kae, HTI ʰkai
d i k/li uid
TPN ɡuwã ‘chicha’ TPN -ʔwã
‘drink’
SLB oɡwā ‘drink’, SLB oʔwā ‘wet’
d i k/ ate
POTP *haoˀ ‘drink’ > NP haoˀ
PIA au, MKO ou ‘drink’; HTI au ‘water’
eat
TPN ʔkʰu
PIA/MKO ku, HTI ʰku-
t ee/ ha oal
CRT ɲa ‘tree’
SLB iɲa ‘charcoal’
fi e
TPN aɡuʔ, SBT áɡu ‘fire’; also:
TPN skoʔ ‘flame’
HTI ʰku-, PIA oku-, MKO ɯkwɯ ‘fire’
flesh
MTZ *ini
HTI ɨ ̃nɛ, PIA -ide-, MKO -ite-, SLB de
flou /dough
TPN ʃuwaʔ ‘dough’
HTI ʰjowã, SLB hʷã ‘flour’; MKO ʰõma
‘powder’
gou d/ ase
POTP *mõ ‘gourd’
SLB -mõ ‘CLF.vase’, HTI bo ‘vase’
hai /leaf
POTP *si ‘hair/leaf’
PIA - ʔe ‘CLF.hair’
head
TPN edʒu , SBT é ú ‘head’ (see
also: CRT *hu ‘high’)
PIA u, MKO u-ʤu, SLB i-ʤu, HTI ʰtu ‘head’
(MKO -ʤu, SLB - u ‘CLF.round’)
hea /ea
POTP *n-kão > MZT nɡõˀõ, OTM
ɡũ ‘ear’, TPN tʃaʔhũ/jaʔhũ ‘ear’
HTI ãku, PIA æ̃ hũkũ; SLB -xõ ‘CLF.ear’
lood/ eat
‘blood’
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 9: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN WESTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI
WE“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN
“ALIBAN-HOTI
hea /ea
MZT nɡõˀõ, OTM ɡũ, PMTZ *n ɵ,
TPN tʃaʔhũ/jaʔhũ, SBT jáũ ‘ear’
SLB -ãxõ-xõ (-xo ‘CLF.oval’), PIA -æ̃ hã ‘ear’;
PIA –æ̃ hũkũ ‘hear’
hea t
TPN ami
SLB omẽã (see also: PIA ami ‘chest’)
hot
TPN ɾuʔwa/duʔwa
SLB duwa-ˀda, PIA duaʔa-, MKO tuba ‘hot’
house
POTP *tˀo-s (POTP -s ‘stem
formative’) > MAZ tˀoʃʉ, NP lˀos,
SP ntˀus, OTM tˀóʃi, CH urˀos
HTI/PIA ido-, SLB ito(-xu) (-xu
‘CLF.hollow/round’), MKO õdo
leaf/g ass
POTM *mhi ‘leaf’ > MTZ/OCU
mhi
MKO/PIA mehe, HTI me/meʰkʲe ‘grass,
savannah’
li uid/ho e
TPN majũ ‘river’
HTI maɲo, PIA umaju, MKO wãʤõ ‘honey’
li e/gi e i th
POTP *mi/*menʔ ‘give birth’ >
OTM mi, CH imẽ
HTI me ‘live’
ale
POTP *me ‘man’
PIA ubɤ, SLB ũbe ‘man’, SLB -be ‘CLN.man’
a io /potato
SP pikiw, CH pikũ, OTM bɵkˀwã
‘potato’
SLB pikia ‘manioc’
oo
POTP *mˀãoˀ > NP mˀãoˀ
SLB beho
ou tai
NPO lˀewɛ ‘mountain’
HTI ilæ̃ wã, PIA inawa ‘mountain’, MKO
inawa ‘stone’
ose
POTM *ni ̃o > MAZ ʃihɲũ, OTM
ʃijũ, SP ʃiɲu ‘nose’
PIA tʃɨ ̃hi ̃-jũ, SLB ixū
̃́ , HTI i ̃ɲo/ɲo, MKO
i ʰũ; ‘nose’ (MKO -ʤũ, PIA -jũ
‘CLF.protruding’)
P.hu a
MTZ *-hə
PIA -hah, SLB -ha
path
POTP *pẽnʔi ̃o
PIA mænæ, SLB maana, BTO/MKO/HDI
mana
people
POTP *ho ‘witch’
POTP *-hoi ‘p.hum’
HTI ho, MKO ho-ho, SLB ho-xo ‘human
being’ (SLB -xo ‘CLF.human’)
pe so
POTP *te ‘person’
MKO i-te, PIA (i)-de, SLB de- ‘person’
potato/ o
TPN iʃiʔ/ehʃi ‘corn’
SLB e e ‘potato’
(also: PIA duwo, HTI ʰtuwɤ ‘summer’)
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 9: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN WESTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI
WE“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN
“ALIBAN-HOTI
POTP *hjẽ
PIA ahe, MKO ohʷe, SLB óxē- HTI he‘river’
see/e e
POTP *paohˀ ‘see’ > NP -ppahoˀ
SLB paxu ‘eyes’
sit
TPN (ʔ)ɡi
SLB iɡ̃́
ski / lothes
TPN ʃta/ʃtoo
PIA i ̃hẽtã, HTI hedo-, MKO iɲẽdõ ‘skin’
sleep/la do
POTP *ˀo-mˀ ‘lay down’ > MAZ
ˀobˀʉ, OTM ˀoi
HTI abu, MKO abɯ, PIA æʔɯ, SLB ae
s ake
CRT *kuʔ
HTI ehko, PIA ækʰa
so
POTP *tʔi, TPN ihi ̃
PIA i ̃tʰi ̃, MKO i ̃tʰi ̃, HTI ili ̃
spi it/ it h
TPN kagu; NP kahó, CH káhó
‘witch’
SLB kaõ-hã ‘spirit’
sto e
POTP *to, MTZ *ninto ‘stone’
HTI iʰto/iʰtɤ, PIA ido- ‘stone’
su /da
POTP *hiat ‘sun’
HTI ʰkʲato ‘day’
that
MTZ *tˀə (3.S); TWK nti
HTI de-3.S
i e
‘sleep’
HTI ʰkaho-hã ‘imortal being’
HTI di-, tə-(aquele)
SLB -di
PIA diʔ (quem)
MKO ite 3.S.M
HTI dæ 3.S.M
MKO ti (quem)
to gue/speak
POTP *i ̃nã ‘speak’
PIA/HTI ine ‘tongue’, MKO ine
‘tongue/language’, MKO -ne ‘CLN.tongue’,
BTO ine-ka ‘tongue’
tooth/ ite
TPN ijũ, SBT síjũ ‘tooth’
PIA jɯ̃ , HTI ɲiju, SLB ɲia ‘bite’
tooth/ ose
TPN ɾakʰoo; SBT dakó ‘nose’
PIA -akʰu, HTI -uhku, SLB -oʔxu ‘tooth’
t ee/ ood
POTP *tʔãot ‘wood’
HTI ʰtau ‘tree.P’; PIA dau, MKO towi ‘tree’
t o
MTZ nowi, NP noi
BTO edoi
TPN ijaʔ, SBT íja
PIA ahija ‘water’, HTI ʰju ‘liquid (potable)’
ate
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 9: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN WESTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI
WE“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN
“ALIBAN-HOTI
hat
TPN di
PIA ti-, MKO di-, HTI ʰti- ‘what’; PIA diʔ
‘who’
he e/LOC
TPN na ‘where’
HTI -na/-ne/-nɯ, MKO -nɯ ‘LOC’
SLB -na, PIA -næ ‘instr’
i d
TPN gijuʔⁿ
HTI ʰkʸo
o a
TPN aʔɡo/ɡoʔo; SBT -aɡu /ɡu;
POTP *sõ/*co ‘wife’ > OCU hu,
MAZ suˀu, CH masu
HTI ãu ‘woman’; PIA -ahu, MKO -uhu
The e a e also so e good pa allels
“ali a -Hoti
a hes, as see i Ta le
‘CLF.woman’; SLB ɲu-xu/ɲa-xu, BTO ro
‘woman’; HTI ʰlu ‘wife’
et ee
the Easte -Oto a guea
a d the
.
TABLE 10: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN EASTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI
EA“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN
“ALIBAN-HOTI
.“
PMZT *he, PZPT *he
SLB h- (3.M),PIA hi- ‘3.that’, BTO ihe; also: PSLB *kʰ- ‘3.S.F’ > PIA -kʰ-, MKO -h-, SLB -x-; PSLB *-kʰ
‘3.S.F’
.“/this
PMZT *kwi
HTI bi-(este), MKO b-, PIA/SLB pi-(este)
BTO ub(i)-(3P)
a
PMZT *tjha > thia
PIA tʃihe
ell
PPPL *ixku ‘belly’
HTI ekʲo, PIA ikua, MKO ukua ‘belly’; SLB ikooʔ
‘stomach’
ell /guts
MTK ti i, ii; PPPL * eʔe,
PZPT *Leʔe; also: PMZT
*nceʔe ‘guts’, PMZT *nteʔe
‘buttocks’
SLB te (- e) (SLB - e ‘CLS.elongate’) ‘belly’; SLB
ite(-bo) (HTI -bo ‘CLS.tubular’), HTI te(-bo) ‘guts’
(HTI -bo ‘CLS.tubular’)
hest/hea t
PMZT *ʔmẽ ‘chest’
HDI me(e), PIA ami, MKO omu, SLB omi-xẽ ‘chest’
hili/salt
PZPT *zedeʔ ‘salt’
HTI lãʰte, PIA rathe, SLB tare, MKO laɗi ‘chili’
hili/spi
PZPT *ɡiʔinaʔ ‘chili’
SLB iʔda ‘spicy’
loud
PZPT *kwawi
HTI ʰkʷa
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 10: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN EASTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI
EA“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN
“ALIBAN-HOTI
PMZT *ɲãhmẽ/*ɲũhmẽ,
PZPT *ɟobaʔ; PPPL
*nahme/*ɲuhme
PIA ɲãmẽ/ɲamuɯ, MKO ɲõmu, SLB ʤomo, BTO
romu, HTI ʰtãbu
die
PMZT *keʔẽ
SLB kae, HTI ʰkai
di t
PZPT *di
SLB/PIA idi ‘dirt’; HTI ini-o ‘ashes’ (-o ‘CLF.tiny’)
di k
PMZT *ʔju ‘drinkable’
HTI ju ‘drink (n.)’
ea th/floo
PZPT *beNe ‘earth’
BTO umena ‘earth’, SLB ubena ‘on the floor’; also:
MKO bena, HTI bɤna ‘here’
fathe
PMZT *(nã-)ʔai ̃
HTI ae, PIA -æɤ, SLB ae ‘father’; HTI ai ‘fathers’
fi e/ha d
PMTK *ʔom ‘five’
SLB ūmo, PIA ũmu, BTO umo, HTI bõ ‘hand’
gou d
PMZT *nã- u, PPPL * u
SLB -ɟu ‘CLF.container’
high/head
PPPL *hũ
PIA u, MKO u-ʤu, SLB i-ʤu, HTI ʰtu ‘head’ (MKO ʤu, SLB - u ‘CLF.round’)
PMZT *shue ‘hot’
SLB duwa-ˀda, PIA duaʔa-, MKO tuba ‘hot’ (also:
PIA duwo, HTI ʰtuwɤ ‘summer’)
IN“T‘/LOC
PZPT *na/*ne/*no ‘INSTR’
SLB -na, PIA -næ ‘INSTR’; HTI -na/-ne/-nɯ, MKO nɯ ‘LOC’
leaf/field
PCNT *mi h ‘plain’
MKO/PIA mehe, HTI me/meʰkʲe ‘field, savannah’
leaf/fo est
PMZT *-hɲã
HTI ʰja, PIA ɤhijæ, MKO i ̃ɲa- ‘leaf’
li e/hu a
ei g
PMZT *hmi ̃ ‘human being’
HTI me ‘live’
ale
PMZT *nã-ʔmi ̃ ‘father’
PIA ubɤ, SLB ũbe ‘man’, SLB -be ‘CLN.man’
oo
PZPT *beʔwuʔ
SLB beho
othe
PZPT *nana
SLB náʔnā
ou tai /sto e
PMZT *ni ̃-ntu ‘mountain’
HTI iʰto/iʰtɤ, PIA ido- ‘stone’
outh/hole
PMZT *ʔa ‘hole’
HTI/MKO a, PIA æ, SLB aha ‘mouth’
o
hot/su
e
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 10: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN EASTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI
EA“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN
“ALIBAN-HOTI
a e
PMZT *ʔmi ̃
PIA imi
ea
PMZT *tjiɲã
SLB ɟena ‘here’
et
PMZT *ntaʔja
HTI dijæ, PIA i ʰ-æja, SLB tesia
ose/tooth
PMZT *ni ̃-ʔɲũ ‘tooth’
PIA tʃɨ ̃hi ̃-jũ, SLB ixū
̃́ , HTI i ̃ɲo/ɲo, MKO i ʰũ ‘nose’
(MKO -ʤũ, PIA -jũ ‘CLF.protruding’)
o e/t o
PMZT *thũ ‘first’
HTI hãtõhã, PIA tãhũ, SLB tũhũ- ‘two’
path/ea th
PZPT *neza ‘path’
HTI nedʌ ‘earth’
people
MTK o ‘we’
HTI ho, MKO ho-ho, SLB ho-xo ‘human being’ (SLB
-xo ‘CLF.human’)
potato/ o
PMZT *n e ‘corn’
SLB e e ‘potato’
i e
PMZT *nta-ʃhe
PIA ahe, MKO ohʷe, SLB óxē- HTI he- ‘river’
i e
PMTK *nda, PPPL *ntaʔ
SLB -to ‘CLF.liquid’, MKU -(ɯ)dɯ ‘CLF.river’
ski / lothes
PMTK *xetu ‘clothes’
PIA i ̃hẽtã, HTI hedo-, MKO iɲẽdõ ‘skin’
s ake
PMTK *ʔko, PPPL *ku
HTI ehko
s ui el/ at
PMTK *kweyu̱ʔ ‘squirrel’
HTI ʰkʷayu-wã, SLB kʷãi ̃xu-ɡa ‘bat’
that
PZPT *deʔ
HTI de-, SLB -di ‘3.S’ also: MKO ite ‘3.S.M’, HTI dæ
‘3.S.M’, HTI di- ‘that’, PIA diʔ ‘who’, MKO ti “who’
to gue/speak
PMZT *ʔnẽ
‘language/word’
PIA/HTI ine ‘tongue’, MKO ine ‘tongue/language’,
MKO -ne ‘CLN.tongue’, BTO ine-ka ‘tongue’
t o
PZPT *tubi
BTO edoi
hat
PZPT *ʤi
PIA ti-, MKO di-, HTI ʰti- ‘what’; also: PIA diʔ ‘who’
hite
MZT tia ‘white’
PIA teaa ‘white/yellow’, SLB dea ‘white/light’, BTO
(koko)-siaho ‘white’
o a
PMZT * hũ
PIA -ahu, MKO -uhu, SLB -xu ‘CLF.woman’, HTI ãu
‘woman’; also: BTO ro ‘woman’, HTI ʰlu ‘wife’
It’s also
o th oti g that the e a e ese
la es fo the fi st a d se o d pe so s
o phe es et ee Otopa ea , “ali a a d Paez, as sho
elo :
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 11: PRONOMINAL PARALLELISMS BETWEEN OTOPAMEAN, SALIBA AND PAEZ
OTOMI
CHICHIMECO TLAHUICA
“ALIBA
ti-nú
ti-n e
se-d-a
1.S-see
1.S-see
1.S-cry
cry-1.S-REAL
1.S-come-REAL
cry-1.S.PRES
‘I saw’
‘I see’
‘I cry’
‘I cry/cried’
‘I come/came’
‘I cry’
ki-nú
ku-n e
se-kʷ-a
k-om-a
ũˀne-ɡ
2.S-see
2.S-cry
cry-2.S-REAL
2.S-come-REAL
cry-2.S.PRES
‘You cry’
‘You cry/cried’
‘You come/came’ ‘You cry’
.“ di ́-nü
.“ ɡi ́-nü
2.S-see
‘You saw’ ‘You see’
PAE)
-om-a
ũˀne-tʰ
Muntzel (1986), Slocum (1986), Estrada Ramirez (1996)
•
TUCANOAN
I a p eli i a
o pa iso , sho
i Ta le
, the e a e so e p o isi g pa allels
et ee Oto a guea a d Tu a oa la guages.
TABLE 12: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND TUCANOAN
OTOMANGUEAN
TUCANOAN
ETKN *kome ‘axe’
POTP *koa-m' ‘knife’, POTP *coen ‘axe’
ee
ETKN *momi
PCNT *mi ʔ/*mɨ ʔ ‘wasp’ > mumɨʔ
ell
ETKN *pa(-ro)
POTP *m-pao
u
ETKN *soe
POTP *coet, PZPT *ʒuwi; also: PMZT *shue
‘hot’
u /fi e
WTKN *ˀɨo ‘burn’
POTP *n-io ‘fire’
ha oal/ u
PTKN *neo ‘charcoal’
POTP *nãonʔ ‘burn’
ha oal/light
PTKN *nitti ‘charcoal’
POTP *neti ‘light’; PMZT *ntjiʔi ‘fire’
hild
KRG ˀɟi ̃i, SIO ˀzi ̃ , SEK zi ̃
OTM ¢’e, n¢’ẽ’
hili
PTKN *pˀia
CNT mɨʔõ; also: PCNT *mɨ ‘medicine’
loud/ ai
SIO/SEK sidi ‘cloud’
PMZT *sci ‘rain’
otto /th ead
PTKN *jɨi ‘cotton’, TKN joo
‘thread’
PMTK *juʔwe ‘thread’, CRT ɲui ‘rope’, TPN jũ
‘rope’, PMZT *(nã-)ʔɲũ ‘rope’; also: PCNT *ʔjɨ
‘net’, PCNT *ŋi ‘thread’ >ŋji, TPN jo ‘net’
WTKN *hũˀi
PCNT *hũŋ > hũʔni, hũj
a e/k ife
die
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 12: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND TUCANOAN
OTOMANGUEAN
TUCANOAN
ea
PTKN *kʔãpʔo > KRG/SEK
kãho, SIO k’ãho
POTP *n-kão
eat
ETKN *ba(ˀ)
PCNT *ma
egg/so
PTKN * ʔia ‘egg’
POTP *tʔi ‘son’; also: PCNT *zia ‘grandson’
fat
ETKN *ɨˀse
PMTK *seʔe̱
fathe /
WTKN *ai ‘grandfather’
PMZT *(nã-)ʔai ̃ ‘father’ (nã- ‘nominal prefix’)
fo est
PTKN *maka
PCNT *maʔ ‘tree’ + PCNT *ʔŋa ‘forest’ =
*maʔʔŋa
go
ETKN *waˀ
POTP *wa
head
PTKN * ˀɨ-po ‘head’, PTKN * ˀɨse ‘mouth’
PCNT *zi ‘head’; also: PMZT *thi ‘round’
hea t
WTKN *a-wɨ ‘heart’
PCNT *ʔa ‘heart’ > ʔauʔ ‘your heart’
he
PTKN *ta > WTKN *taja
PMZT *nteja/*nteʔe, POTP *tʔe
house
PTKN *wɨʔe
PCNT *hwɨ ‘village’; PMTK *weʔyi ‘house’
jagua
PTKN *jai
PCNT *ʔja ʔ
k ee
PTKN *jɨ ̃ka
PMZT *tjku
li e / hest
PTKN * ˀeme ‘liver’
POTP *timi ̃a ‘chest’; PCNT *mɨʔ ‘liver’
a
PTKN *ɨmɨ
PMZT *hmi ̃- ‘human being’, POTP *mi ‘be
born’
eat/a i al
PTKN *waʔi ‘fish/meat’
POTP *mpaiʔ ‘animal’
outh
WTKN *jɨˀo-
PMTK *yuʔuʔ, MZT *ncuʔwa, PCNT *siu HLH
‘lips’
a e/speak
PTKN *mami ‘name’
POTP *mãm ‘speak’; also: PMZT *ʔmi ̃ ‘name’
a el
PTKN * õpʔɨ > WTKN * õhõ
POTP *cʔaomʔ, PMZT *ʃuʔu
ight
PTKN *jãbi ̃
POTP *sãom > MTZ ʃɵmi
WTKN *teʔe
POTP *tʔa
g a dfathe
o e
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 12: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND TUCANOAN
OTOMANGUEAN
TUCANOAN
pai /poiso
PTKN *eo ‘fishing poison’
POTP *ʔio ‘pain’
path/ea th
PTKN *ma ‘path’
TPN mba ‘earth’
pe a / eat
WTKN *jaˀo ‘peccary’
PMZT *jahu ‘meat’
pe is/ aize
PTKN *no-(ni) ‘penis’
PMTK *noniʔ ‘maize’
people/sha a
PTKN *pˀãtsã ‘people’
POTP *pãt ‘shaman’
fish poiso /
PTKN *tjima ‘fish poison’; TKN
nima ‘curare’
POTP *ti ̃/*nim ‘drunk’; also: PMZT *(ti)ʔmẽ
‘sick’
du k
ai
o
WTKN *daˀja(-meku) (WTKN
*meko ‘eel’)
PMZT *nteʔja; also: POTP *thai ‘bow’
ai
o /eel
WTKN *meko ‘eel’
PCNT *kũ ‘rainbow’ > hmɨkɨ ̃, mɨkũh
‘rainbow’
i e /path
PTKN * ʔia ‘river’
PMZT *n-tija ‘path’; TPN ijaʔ/ijoʔ, SBT íja
‘water’; also: POTP *hjẽ ‘river’
sa /to gue
WTKN *kɨa-hi ‘say’
POTP *khi ̃ahne, PMZT *nã-hẽi ̃ ‘tongue’
see
PTKN *i ̃jã
PZPT *wijaʔ
sha a /jagua
PTKN *jai
‘jaguar/shaman/chief’
POTP *n-'iãi-m, PZPT *ʒaʔ ‘shaman’
speak/ oi e
KRG ʤii, MAK/ORE ji ‘speak’
PZPT *t ͈ʲiʔi ‘voice’; also: PCNT *sɨ ʔ ‘tongue’
spide
PTKN *waˀu
PCNT *ʔu ʔ > kwaʔuʔ
su / oo
WTKN *ɨ ̃sɨˀɨ ‘sun’
PCNT *sɨ ʔ ‘moon’; also: PCNT *hjɨ ‘light’ > si,
sɨ
s eet-potato
PTKN *jãpi
PMTK *jaʔmi/*ɲaʔmi
i e/s ake
PTKN *pˀi ̃si ‘vine’
PZPT *(ɡo-)kʷisEʔ ‘snake’ (ko- ‘nominal
prefix’) >
o a
PTKN *tʔõmi
POTP *sõ, CRT numi, PMZT * hũ; also: POTP
*tõʔmh ‘sow’
o a /fe ale
PTKN *-kˀo ‘female’
TPN eʔɡu/aʔɡo ‘woman’
o ke
7
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
•
JI‘AJA‘AN
Ta le
la guages,
p ese ts so e p o isi g pa allels et ee Ji aja a a d Oto a guea
ost elati g to the Otopa ea
a h.
TABLE 13: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND JIRAJARAN (AYAMAN) LANGUAGE
OTOMANGUEAN
JI‘AJA‘AN AYAMAN
.“.
PMZT *ʔã
a-, ã- <a-, an->
.“.
PMZT *ʃi- ‘that’
si-
POTP *tho
dóu, doux
ell
POTP *mpao
(a-)bagú
lood
POTP *khi > kikhe
hi-guí, his-kí, ibi-gui
hild/ eatu e
OTM ¢’e ‘child’; PMZT *ce ‘new’
tschég ‘creature’
dee / eat
POTP *nkoe ‘meat’ > OTM nɡɵ, MAZ ŋɡeˀe,
NP ŋɡwɛˀ
agüí [agʷi], agui [aɡi] ‘deer’
do e
PMZT *tuhu
tojos [tohos]
ea
POTP *n-kão > OTM ɡũ, MAZ nɡõˀõ
(a-)(gi-)guo, (a-)(ki-)huo (*ki ‘face’)
eat
POTP *ni ̃aonʔ
ñan
e e/e elash
PZPT *ɡidi ‘eyelash’
(a-)(ki-)nguici ‘eye’ (*ki ‘face’)
e e/see
POTP *paohʔ ‘see’
(a-)(ki-)baux, (a-)(ki-)vóugh ‘eye’
(*ki ‘face’)
fi e/ u
POTP *coet ‘burn’
due, du ‘fire’
gou d
OTP komoʔ, PMTK *kɨmʔ
kub
hai
PZPT *ɡ-i aʔ-, TPN hᵑgiʔʃa
(a-)(tog-)isásh, (tog-)is (tog ‘head’)
head
PCNT *ki
-gi <*ki ‘face’
i testi e
POTP *phoi; CRT mpuhuj ‘buttocks’
(a-)poh
jagua /fo
POTP *n-ʔio ‘dog’ > OTM ʔjo, MAZ dʲˀoˀo;
TPN ijãʔ/ijuʔⁿ ‘fox’
yu/llu ‘jaguar’
li e /to gue
TPN ʃkiɡa/ʃkiɡoo, SBT ɡikó/ɡiká ‘liver’
(a-)giga ‘tongue’
PMZT *ntusce ‘potato’
dox [doʃ] ‘maize’
a
adillo
aize/potato
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 13: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND JIRAJARAN (AYAMAN) LANGUAGE
OTOMANGUEAN
JI‘AJA‘AN AYAMAN
aize/potato
SP pikiw, CH pikũ ‘potato’
pigüio ‘maize’
eat/a i al
PMZT * u ‘animal’
chuu ‘meat’
oo
TPN ɡũʔ/ɡjuʔ, CPN joho, CRT ju
yi/yio
othe
CRT ɲama; CPN ɲoma; PMTK *ɲam-ʔmamʔ
ñom
outh/speak
POTP *sip ‘speak’; also: POTP *cʔimʔ ‘tooth’
> MAZ s’ibi, MTZ cibi
(a-)gíp < *kip ‘mouth’
ose
OTP kanu
(a-)(gi-)ngano, (a-)(qui-)ngans (*ki
‘face’)
POTP *tʔõma
tum
ai / loud
POTP *nkãom ‘cloud’ > MAZ ngõmʉ̃, OTM
gũi
ɡoima ‘rain’
ai / et
POTP *nkʔat ‘wet’
kat, (i-)kas ‘rain’
sto e
POTP *to > OTM do, MAZ ndoho
dox
su
POTP *hiat
yivat
i d
PMTK *tatiʔ
fi-tate, ti-tate, es-téd
o a
POTP *sõ, PMZT * hũ
esio
old
I spite that fu the esea h is eeded to dete
i e if so e pa allels
ought up i
this se tio is fo tuitous o a eal i sta e of p ehisto i la guage o ta t,
ost of the
lea l
ep ese ts a u de ia le p oof that the li guisti e os ste
A e i a du i g P ehisto
a tuall
u h
of No th este
“outh
has had st o g elatio s to the Oto a guea la guages a d is
o e o ple tha
hat s hola s ha e thought u til o .
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
. A‘CHAEOLINGUI“TIC“ ‘ELATIVE TO “OME I“OLATE LANGUAGE“ AND “MALL
LANGUAGE FAMILIE“ IN THE AME‘ICA“
. .
ME“OAME‘ICAN – BOLIVIAN CONNECTION“
I this se tio , I
ill epo t so e fi di gs that poi t to p e olo ial o
et ee Mesoa e i a a d Boli ia. M
o
e tio s
et ee
Mesoa e i a
esea h fo used spe iall i fi di g a
e tio s
li guisti
la guages a d the isolate la guages f o
Boli ia
Ca i ha a, Ca u a a, Ito a a, Ku za, Leko, Mosete , Mo i a, Yu a a e . Afte
p eli i a
a
ass o pa iso usi g the data o piled i the ALLD, I a e to the follo i g
o lusio : o e of the isolate la guages f o
Boli ia a
e ge eti all li ked to a
Mesoa e i a la guage fa il . I ould, ho e e , dete t so e o ds i Ku za a d i Mosete
that p o a l
a e sho
ep ese t o o i gs f o
a Ma a sou e. Ma a -Mosete le i al pa allels
i the Ta le elo .
TABLE 14: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN MAYAN AND MOSETEN
MAYAN
MOSETEN
a id
WM+LL *pa χ
paʃ
ashes
GLL+ *sibˀaq > pCh *sibˀik
im
pM *kikˀ > PCH * ˀi ˀ > TZO/TZE * ˀi ˀ,
CHT i
eʃ
lood
othe /si li g
a
oo/
lo gu
hi ha/aga e
GK *ʔa , GM *ʔa ik ‘older sibling’
otʲiˀ ‘brother’, otʲire ‘cousin’
EM+ *puhbˀ ‘blowgun’ > KCH wub, MAMi
u bˀil
wohpina ‘bamboo sp.’
PM *ki h > CM *saq-ki h > CHR suk ih
‘agave’
ukʲe/ʃokdʲeˀ ‘manioc chicha’
flea/ti k
pM *kˀaq ‘lea’ > CHJ kˀak
kokoˀ ‘tick’
f uit/e e
pM *hatʲ ‘eye/fruit/face’ > MOP wi ,
MAM/AWA wi ; also: pM *meʔ ˀ ‘eyelash’>
KAQ/PCH metzˀ
we /weʃ/wɨʃ/ ‘fruit’; also:
we eʔɲeʔ ‘eye’
g a dfathe
pM *ma m > EM *mamaʔ
baba
head/e e
pM *bˀah ‘head’; also: pM *bˀaqˀ ‘seed’ > TZO
bˀekˀ; also: EM *ʔaʔbˀaχ ‘stone’
beh ‘eye’, beh-yaʔ ‘face’
pM *ʔiʃiʔm ‘maize’
simiˀ ‘corn chicha’
aize/ hi ha
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 14: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN MAYAN AND MOSETEN
MAYAN
MOSETEN
othe
pM *na na > CM *na n
nonoˀ
outh
pM *tʲi ˀ > KAQ iˀ, TZU/PQMj i ˀ
outh/ a e
pM *tji ˀ ‘mouth’ > QAN tih-eχ,
TZO/CHL/POP tiˀ; also: Kp * i χ, GK * iχo
‘talk’
tih ‘name’
a el
GM *mu ʃ, WM *muʃuk
bõ
e k/s allo
CM *bˀiqˀ ‘swallow’ > AWA bˀeqˀ, IXL ibˀiqˀa
bekaˀ ‘neck’
o
pM *haˀ ‘be’ + pM *mi/*ma ‘no’ = *haˀmi
ham
ose
pM *nhi ʔ > EM *nhu ʔ > PQM χuʔis
hoi/hə̃i
pe a
LL+WM *kita m
kitiˀ
peppe /salt
pM *ʔi k ‘pepper’ > MCH ʔi kuˀ ‘enchilar’
hi ko ‘salt’
sa d/ et
CM *saʔm ‘sand’ > GK *sam-a > QEQ
samajiʔ
saˀmai ‘wet/damp’; hamaɲ
‘sand’
sk / loud
pM *maj ‘cloud’
mãje-dʲeˀ ‘sky’ (-dʲeˀ ‘NMZ’)
sleep/ti ed
GK *kohs ‘tired’ > TZU xkosi, KCH xkosik;
also: GK *ko ˀ ‘lying down’
kʰoʃi ‘sleep’
s all
WM+Yu *bˀiqˀet > CHL/CHR/TZO/TZE
bˀikˀit
mikitʲ/mikis ‘small’ ; mikiˀ ‘few’
so -i -la
pM *nhi ʔ ‘father-in-law/son-in-law’ >
KCH/USP/ TZU χi ˀ
hɨiˀ ‘son-in-law’
s uash
pM *kˀu m ‘squash’ > CHT um, TZO ˀum,
TZE ˀuhm, PQMp kˀu bˀ
ʃobo
su /toda
pM *qˀi nh ‘sun’ > CHL/TZO kˀin, QAN qˀin
kʰinˀ ‘today’; ɨn ‘sun’
th ee
pM *ʔo ʃ-ibˀ > TZO/KCH/USP/QEQ oxibˀ
to a o
GLL *kˀuh > CHJ/QAN kˀu
kos
alk
pM *bˀihn
miˀih ‘walk’; mĩh ‘path’
et/d i k
pM * ˀaq ‘wet/moisten> GK * ˀaq > KAQ
eqel; also: pM *tʲaq ‘be dry/thirsty’
tʲe-dʲeˀ ‘drink’ (-dʲeˀ ‘NMZ’)
Possi le Ma a
illust ates so e ases i
o o i gs i Ku za a e sho
ʰɨˀ/ ʰɨ ̃ˀ ‘mouth’; also: dʲiˀ ‘anus’
ʰibin
i Ta les
hi h the Ku za o ds a also ea
-
. Ta le
stallized Ma a g a
spe iall
ati al
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
featu es, like
Wi h a
o i alize
o
i alie a le possessio
suffi es. Fo i sta e, i
Cho ti
these suffi es a e espe ti el -i a d -e /-i .
TABLE 15: PROBABLE MAYAN BORROWINGS IN KUNZA BEARING CRYSTALLIZED SUFFIXES
MAYA
KUNZA
dead/ u
pM *muq ‘bury’
moʁor, muʁar ‘dead’ < * muq-Vr/-ar
ea th/ o e
PHue *qˀap ‘clothes’
ʁabar ‘clothes/cover’ < *qab-Vr
egg/ o e
GK *molo ‘egg’
mulur ‘bone’ < *mul-Vr
flo e
GM *ʔubˀe >AWA bˀu
pu ur, pu er < *pu -Vr/-er
foot/leg
GM *kuʃ ‘leg’
ʁu ir, ku i < *ku i-r; khoche ‘foot’
gou d
LL *lu
lau ur < *lau -Vr
path/ alk
Hue *bˀehr ‘walk’ > PMAM *bˀe t, TEK
obˀe t
beter < *bet-Vr
po de
pM *po q
poʁor < *poq-Vr
s oke/fi e
QAN *nhubˀ ‘smoke’
humur ‘fire’ < *hum-Vr
Othe possi le Ma a
o o i gs i Ku za a e listed i Ta le
:
TABLE 16: OTHER LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN MAYAN AND KUNZA
MAYA
KUNZA
id
EM+ *pi tʲˀ
βitti ‘hawk/vulture’ < *bitti
id
Mp *looʃχ ‘vulture’
la ir ‘bird’ < *la i-r
id
I+ *qu7s, WM *hos
ʁosʁo ‘owl’ < *qos-qo(s)
oil/ u
CM *loq ‘boil’
loʁ- ‘burn’ < *loq
lothes/ i h
PHue *qˀap ‘clothes’ > CHJ kˀapak; Was+Tz
*paqˀ ‘clothes’
ʁapaʁa ‘rich’ < *qapaq-a
loud
EM *mu nh ‘cloud/shadow’ > AWA mul,
TEK/USP muχ
molle, mol-ti (-ti ‘NMZ’) < *mol
old
WM *siʔk > QAN/TZO/TZE sik
teʁar < *teka-r
ook
pM *tʲaqˀ ‘cooked/ripe’ > QEQ/TZU/KCHn
aqˀ
eʁan- ‘cook’ < * eq-an (-an ‘?’,
conf.: pM *-an ‘antipassive’)
pM *kaʔbˀe:χ ‘day after tomorrow’> AWA
kaʔpe n, IXL kaɓe n
ʁapin ‘sun/sunset/west’< *kapin
su set/ afte
to o o
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 16: OTHER LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN MAYAN AND KUNZA
MAYA
KUNZA
fathe /old
a
pM *ri χ ‘old man’ > MAM ti χ, TEK tiχ
tiʁan ‘father’ < *tiʁ-an ‘fatherANP’ (conf.: pM *-an ‘ANP’)
fo
Was+EM *ʃoʔχbˀ > PQMp ʃoχm
loʁma < *loʁm-ma (*-ma ‘animal’)
hea
pM *ʔabˀi > CHJ iʃ-jaɓi, AKA ʃ-jabˀe
jebi-
hole
pM *χo l
ʁo ls
house
EM *tu nh (*tu χ ?) ‘temascal’ > USP/KAQ
tuχ, KCH/TZU tu χ
tturi < *ttur-i (-i ?)
sto e/soil
GLL+WM *to nh ‘stone’ > pCh tun,
TZO/TZE ton
ttunar ‘soil’ < *ttuna-r
jagua
pM *koχ > USP/KAQ/TZU koχ, KCHq ko χ
kuru, kuri, kuhri < *kur-i (-i ?)
leaf/
pM *ʃaq ‘leaf’
laʁar < *laq-Vr ‘green maize’
EM *ʔakˀ- ‘cock/turkey’
aʁiu ‘feather’
pM *kˀas-al
ckausa-
a
pM *ʃi bˀ ‘male’; CM *ʃi ɓa l ‘woman’s
brother’ (< pM *ʃi bˀ-a l17 ‘male-NMZ’)
sima
oo / ife
pM *ʔi:kˀ ‘moon’
liʁ-i ‘wife’, liʁ-aw ‘woman’ < *-lik
ose
GLL *sihm
seppi < *sepp-i (-i ?)
palate-th oat
Mp+ *kˀoʔm ‘palate’
ckomal ‘throat’ < *ckom-al18
peppe
pM *ʔi k ‘pepper’ > MCH *ʔi ku
siʁu < *siku
pot
GQ+ *se kˀ
g ee
aize
o k/feathe
li e
eʁnar < * ekna-r
i e
CM *bˀe hhaˀ, EM *ubˀe hhaˀ
baʁʁa
est/d ea
pM *hil ‘rest’
hul- ‘sonhar’
teat
CM *tuʔ ‘mother, suck’ > MCH -tu tu ʔ, PCH
-tut
tutu
toda
Kp *kami k
ami
to a / ell
Hue *kˀuʔul ‘belly’ > QAN kˀuleχ, POP
kˀule; Kp+ *kˀuʔuʃ
ʁoli ‘thorax’ < *kol-i (-i ?)
7
pM *-aːl/*-iːl is a de i a
e suffi that tu s adje
o pa e ith pM *-a l /*-i l , a suffi that
es i to a st a t ou s.
a ks depe de
it fu tio s as a p e o i al
odifie
a ke .
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 16: OTHER LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN MAYAN AND KUNZA
MAYA
KUNZA
ol a o
Kp *kanu l ‘volcano’
kaur, ʁabur ‘mountain/volcano’ <
*kau r
et/ ate
pM *ʔa kˀ ‘wet’
aʁ ‘water’ < *ak
o
GM *tuqˀ, LL+WM *luqum
tˀoʁomar, toʁmar < *toqm-ma-r
(*-ma ‘animal’)
A fu the li guist e ide e fou d
p ehisto i Ma a
e a e le i al pa allels that
o o i gs i Ka do i. Those pa allels a e sho
a
o stitute
i the Ta le elo .
TABLE 17: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN KANDOXI AND MAYAN
KANDOXI
MAYAN
k- ‘1.S’
pM *q- ‘1.P’
.P/ .P
i ‘1.P’
pM *e -/i- ‘2.P’
.“
no
pM *nu-
ʃi ‘2.S’
pM *eʃ ‘2.P’
.“
w-
pM *u-
lothes
kama ʂi < *kama -ʂi
EM *ke m > MAMi e maχ; also: EM *kem
‘weave’ > KCHc ʃu-kemaχ
dee
man ansi
EM+ *masa t
e e
ka , wa o < *(k-/w-)a (-o)
pM *hatʲ > KCH/SAK/PCH wa
fe ale
ki ʂa ‘woman’, wi ʂa-/iʂa - ‘female’
< *(k-/w-)iʂa
pM *ʔiʃ ‘female’
foot/leg
ko ‘foot’
GM *kuʃ ‘leg’
fo
ʂoʂima
Was+EM *ʃoʔχbˀ > PQMp ʃoχm
hai
sosi, wasoso < (wa-)sos(-i/-o)
GLL *tzoʔtz > TZO/TZE o
ha d/a
kow
pM *qˀabˀ > TZO kˀobˀ, MAM qˀobˀ, QEQ qˀubˀ
igua a
nta
WM *inatam > QAN/POP intam
li e
ʃi p
EM+ *sase bˀ
a io
kaʂinʂi, kaʂini, waʂino <*(ka/wa-)ʂin(-ʂi/-i/-o)
pM * iˀ n
a el
moʂa
GM *mu ʃ
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 17: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN KANDOXI AND MAYAN
KANDOXI
MAYAN
ʂitamina
Hue *ʔitam
Ple ades
masa i
EM+Hue *moʔo > SAK maʔ , PCH mo
spide /
sinno ‘spider’
pM *si naʔnh ‘scorpion’
teat/ othe
mimi ‘teat’
pM *mi m ‘mother’
this
ini
pM *ʔin
th ee/thi d
to pa ‘three’
pM *r-o ʃ ‘third’ > IXL toʃpah
ti k/ ed ug
poto ‘tick’
pM *potʲˀ ‘bedbug’
old
a
s o pio
. .
ME“OAME‘ICA – “OUTHWE“TE‘N U“ CONNECTION“
I this se tio , I
ill epo t so e fi di gs that poi t to p e olo ial o
et ee Mesoa e i a a d “outh este
li guisti
o
Misu alpa
e tio s
et ee
U“. The esea h o igi all fo used i fi di g a
t o s all Mesoa e i a
a d la guages f o
la guage fa ilies Le a
“outh A e i a. Ho e e , afte a p eli i a
o pa iso usi g the data o piled i the ALLD, I ould dete t a u h of o ds i
Le a a d P oto -Misu alpa that ese
sho
i Ta les
-
e tio s
a d
ass
P oto -
le o ds of Hoka la guages. These pa allels a e
:
TABLE 18: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND LENCAN
a
HOKAN
LENCAN
.“
PPOM
*ʔa:ma (McLendon 1973:88), SRI me/ma- (Moser & Marlett 2005:822); KMK emnan (Swanton 1940:63)
*ama-nani ‘2.S’ (Arguedas
Cortés 1988:105) > amnan LKA-H
.“
CTL-H/CTL-L i-, SRI i- ‘3.POS’ (Turner & Turner
1971:327; O'Connor 2013:128, Moser &
Marlett 2005:386); KMK i ‘3.corref’ (Swanton
1940:66), KMK nani ‘3.S’ (id.:83), KMK i-nan
‘3?’ (id.:67)
PLKA *i-nani (Arguedas Cortés
1988:103)
PPOM *ʔi -xal > POM-SE xal (Mclendon
1973:65) ‘arm’; YNA ɡalu (Sapir & Swadesh
1960:83), PYUM i-ʂalʲ (Gursky 1974:178) ‘arm’;
CTL-H ʃaɬ ‘wing’ (Turner & Turner 1971:249)
LKA-S
PLKA
kal (del Río Urrutia
2004:292)
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 18: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND LENCAN
HOKAN
LENCAN
PYUM *pilʲ, POM-SW bil ‘hot, burn’ (Gursky
1974:194, Gursky 1989:17)
LKA-S
ell
CTL-L kˀom ‘upside down’, kˀomu- ‘deitar de
barriga para baixo’ (O'Connor 2013:24/170);
POM-C/N/NE komo ‘navel’ (Mclendon 1973:82);
PTLJ *kom ‘liver’ (Campbell & Oltrogge
1980:217)
LKA-S kˀomo (del Río Urrutia
2004:291)
ell
PTLJ
*-kol, POM-SE kˀo, CTL-L kuʔu ‘belly’
(Campbell & Oltrogge 1980:213, Gursky
1974:179, O'Connor 2013:14)
LKA-S
lood
PPOM
o e/ a h
?a k, SLN aʃa k (Mason 1918:127), PYUM
*ʔja k > MHV nʲa-sak, MRK/YMA ʃa k, KKP jak
‘bone’ (Gursky 1974:181; Wares 1968:79); SRI
i-tak (Moser & Marlett 2005:739)
‘bone/branch’
ashes/ u
othe
*ba:laj (McLendon 1973:68)
SHT
KMK
kos (Swanton 1940:108)
pilil ‘ashes’ (del Río Urrutia
2004:293)
kˀul ‘navel’ (del Río Urrutia
2004:303)
LKA-S
ala (del Río Urrutia
2004:306)
* ˀek ‘bone’ > LKA-S tseˀk,
LKA-H seh (Arguedas Cortés
1988:103); PLKA *sak ‘wood’
(Arguedas Cortés 1988:104) >
LKA-H sak, LKA-S ʃah
PLKA
LKA-S
koh ‘older brother’ (del Río
Urrutia 2004:298)
hild
SRI
ʔoe (Moser & Marlett 2005:660), CMR
ʔuwɛ- ‘baby’ (Gursky 1988:31)
PLKA *we (Arguedas Cortés
1988:104)
lothes
ACH
ila m (Gursky 1974:204); YVP s-lam
‘shawl’ (Shaterian 1983:610)
*lam (Arguedas Cortés
1988:105)
loud/s oke
CMR
h-opʰat ‘smoking’; SHT –up a, CMR –ophaʔ
‘smoke’ (Gursky 1990:8); ACH up/o p (Gursky
1974:209), DGÑ ʔu p, KKP u p ‘tobacco’ (Wares
1968:94)
LKA-H
loud/
CTL-L
ˀihma ‘cloud’ (O'Connor 2013:16)
thu de
g a dfathe /
fathe
nʲ-paw (Crawford 1989:190),
wapuʔwi
‘father’s father’ (Gursky 1974:191); KMK mawis
(Swanton 1940:110), DGÑ -pa w ‘father’ (Couro
& Hutcheson 1973:74)
KKP
MHV/MRK/YMA/TPI na-paw, ACH
PLKA
sopata, LKA-S tsˀupa ‘cloud’
(Arguedas Cortés 1988:104)
ʃo-ʃima ‘thunder’ (del Río
Urrutia 2004:310) (see: LKA-S ʃo‘rain’ (del Río Urrutia 2004:300))
LKA-S
LKA-H paβi ‘father’ (Herranz
Herranz 1987:453)
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 18: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND LENCAN
HOKAN
LENCAN
ʔ-a-ma wi (Sapir & Swadesh 1960:226),
a-muʔwi, PYUM *nʲ-a-maw > MHV/TPI namaw, MRK namawi, DGÑ -ma w ‘father’s
mother’ (Gursky 1974:191, Couro &
Hutcheson 1973:74)
LKA-H
head
PPOM
*hoʔtˀo ‘brains/head’ (McLendon
1973:68); CMR h-usu, -uso- ‘eye’ (Gursky
1989:7)
LKA-S
hai /head
KMK
elax (Swanton 1940:111), SHT innax
‘hair’; SLN aʃaʔx ‘feather’ (Mason 1918:126);
PPLH *laḥ ‘head’ (Gursky 1974:193)
LKA-S alah, LKA-H aʃa ‘hair’
(Arguedas Cortés 1988:102)
hea t/li e
SRI -moʃ ‘heart’ (Gursky 1974:193); KKP pusu
‘liver’ (Crawford 1989:479)
LKA-H
house
CMR awa, PYUM *ʔawaʔ >MHV/YMA ʔawa; SLN
t ̣-a ˀm, SHT ʔam a, (Mason 1918:130; Gursky
1974:194)
PLKA *tˀaw (Arguedas Cortés
1988:103)
hus a d/
PYUM
*nʲ-iku/*nʲ-aku ‘father’ > KKP/TPI nʲ-iku
(Gursky 1974:187; Wares 1968:83)
LKA-S
g a d othe /
othe
fathe
YNA
ACH
maβih ‘mother’ (Herranz
Herranz 1987:453)
oso (del Río Urrutia
2004:292)
muʃu ‘heart’ (Herranz
Herranz 1987:451); see also:
*muts'u ‘liver’ (Arguedas Cortés
1988:103) > LKA-H musu
jiku ‘husband’ (del Río
Urrutia 2004:301)
ʃuma ‘feather’ (del Río
Urrutia 2004:305)
leaf/feathe
PYUM
*sama-lʲ > TPI xuʔma-ɬ (Wares 1968:87)
‘leaf’; KKP su mi ‘feather’ (Crawford 1989:459)
LKA-S
leaf/feathe
TPI waɬ ‘leaf’; PYUM *-waR ‘feather’ (Mixko
1978:85) > HVS wala, WLP/YVP ʔwala, KLW
walu (Wares 1968:83)
LKA-H
aize/eat
CMR
ama, SLN ama, PPLH *am ‘eat’, PYUM
*ama , KKP ɬʲma ‘eat’ (Gursky 1974:186,
Crawford 1989:455); YVP ʔ ma ‘someone is
eating’ (Shaterian 1983:555)
PLKA
aize/ ilpa
KMK
tawelo ‘maize’ (Swanton 1940:112); PYUM
*t-awa ‘grind’ (Gursky 1989:14) > HVS tawa
‘flour’
LKA-H
aize/ ilpa
YMA
tadi:c, KLW taʔji t; MHV/MRK taðic, YMA
taði c ‘maize’ (Wares 1968:81)
LKA-H tali h ‘milpa’ (Herranz
Herranz 1987:457)
ale/
KMK
tkuau ‘husband’ (Swanton 1940:111)
hus a d
7
wala ‘leaf’ (ConstenlaUmaña 2002:198)
*ajma ‘maize’ > LKA-H ama,
LKA-S ima (Arguedas Cortés
1988:104)
tawah ‘milpa’ (Herranz
Herranz 1987:457)
*kew ‘male’ (Arguedas
Cortés 1988:104)
PLKA
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 18: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND LENCAN
HOKAN
LENCAN
SRI i-iʃaχ (Moser & Marlett 2005:689), DGÑ
heɬʲa ‘moon’; WLP hi a, MRK/DGÑ xe a, KKP
xesaʔ ‘pleiades’ (Wares 1968:90)
LKA-S
o ta
xmu, YMA ʔa-xmo, MHV a-hmo, DGÑ ʔahmu (Wares 1968:88)
LKA-S
ouse
KMK
kuam (Swanton 1940:114)
kˀuwa (del Río Urrutia
2004:306)
et
PPLH
*i-QxIra(w) (Gursky 1974:199)
LKA-H
ose
SLN e net ̣ (Mason 1918:126), CTL-L/CTL-H -ʔnaɬ
(O'Connor 2013:26, Turner & Turner
1971:294)
LKA-H
-maala, WSH -malŋ ‘acorn’ (Gursky
1974:178)
*mal ‘oak’ (Arguedas Cortés
1988:105)
oo /
pleiades
KKP/TPI
letsˀa ‘moon’ (del Río
Urrutia 2004:299)
mohmon (del Río Urrutia
2004:304)
LKA-S
sela (Herranz Herranz
1987:459)
neʃe (Herranz Herranz
1987:452)
oak/a o
YNA
pe is/tail
KKP
nʲ-ʂʲuɬʲ, TPI ʃuɬ ‘tail’ (Wares 1968:94)
LKA-H
pi eapple
KKP
mˀaɬʲ (Crawford 1989:492)
PLKA *ma ˀati (Arguedas Cortés
1988:104)
salt
KMK
sepen (Swanton 1940:115); SRI ʔantip
(Moser & Marlett 2005:715)
LKA-H
sleep/la
do
KLW
ʔpáa, KKP pat ̣ (Crawford 1989:477), MHV
upa (Munro et alii 1992:255), ACH aʔap ‘lay
down’ (Gursky 1974:196)
LKA-S
testi les
PPOM
*jaqolʲ > POM-SW joqo , POM-S jok o
(McLendon 1973:93); KKP nʲqal, WSH ja gɨl
(Gursky 1990:15)
LKA-S
to a o
ʔu wa, ACH o p, PYUM *-ʔu v > HVS ʔuva,
ʔu v, YVP ʔu βa (Gursky 1974:209, Wares
1968:94)
LKA-S
*ʔi-mpal (Mixko 1978:98) > DGÑ enepaɬ
(Couro & Hutcheson 1973:98); SLN epaɬ
(Mason 1918:126); SRI -i-pɬ (Moser & Marlett
2005:687); CTL-L apaɬʔ (O'Connor 2013:35),
CTL-H -abaɬ (Turner & Turner 1971:287); PPOM
*ha-ʔbalʲ > POM-E/SE bal (McLendon 1973:94)
LKA-S
SHT
YMA
to gue
PYUM
PLKA
ʃu ru ‘penis’ (Herranz
Herranz 1987:455)
sepe (Herranz Herranz
1987:459), LKA-S tsˀepe (del Río
Urrutia 2004:306)
pa (del Río Urrutia
2004:295)
juku (del Río Urrutia
2004:308)
jowa (del Río Urrutia
2004:307), LKA-H jogwah
(Herranz Herranz 1987:456)
nepal (del Río Urrutia
2004:299), LKA-H nepel
(Constenla-Umaña 2002:198)
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 18: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND LENCAN
o a / ife
HOKAN
LENCAN
PYUM *siɲʔak ‘woman/wife > DGÑ siɲ (Couro
& Hutcheson 1973:102, Wares 1968:96), KCM
siɲ (Mixko 1978:100); SLN sen̥ (Mason
1918:134)
LKA-S
sija ‘wife’ (del Río Urrutia
2004:296)
TABLE 19: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND MISUMALPAN
HOKAN
MISUMALPAN
*nʲa (Kaufman 1988:74) KCM ja, CTLi-jaʔ, PYUM *ʔnʲa ‘1.S’ > KLW ɲa p
‘1.S’ (Mixko 1978:88; Turner & Turner
1971:318, O'Connor 2013:22); KKP ɲa -p
‘1.S.cop’ (Crawford 1989:159); POM-k/n/c ja
‘1.P’ (McLendon 1973:75)
*jam (Constenla Umaña
1987:159) > SMU jam [jaŋ]; SMU ja
‘1.acc’ (von Houwald 1980:129)
PHOK
*ma (Kaufman 1988:74), PYUM *ma,
SRI mɛ-/ma- (Moser & Marlett 2005:822),
PPOM *ʔa:ma (McLendon 1973:88), CTLL/CTL-H imaʔ (Turner & Turner 1971:315,
O'Connor 2013:37)
*man/*-ma (Constenla Umaña
1987:159) SMU ma ‘2.acc’ (von
Houwald 1980:129)
*wi ‘this’ (Kaufman 1988:74) > WLP
wi ‘that one’, KKP wi (Crawford 1989:334)
SMU -wi 3.s (von Houwald
1980:123)
PHOK
L/CTL-H
/this
a o e/sk
PHOK
ʔa-majk ‘above’ (Munro et alii 1992:27);
ʔe-ma j (Couro & Hutcheson 1973:77),
KKP ma j (Crawford 1989:130); KLW maʔj,
MHV/YMA ʔa-maj ‘high/sky’ (Munro et alii
1992:27, Wares 1968:92)
MHV
PMSM
PMSM
SMU
majak (von Houwald 1980:100)
DGN
au t/u le
o e
ead/ o
MHV/TPA
napij, YMA/PAI napi , HVS napiʔ,
MRK napi ‘father’s sister’ (Wares 1968:83);
KKP nʲpi s ‘father’s sister.P’ (Crawford
1989:191); (see also: PYUM *n-avi ‘father’s
older brother’ > DGN –newis (Gursky
1974:187; Gursky 1989:3))
nabis ‘irma da mãe’ (von
Houwald 1980:103)
CTL-L ekaɬ
(O'Connor 2013:14), CTL-H -eɡaɬ
(Turner & Turner 1971:284); SHT ʔa k, PYUM
*-ak, KCM -ak (Gursky 1974:181; Marlett
2007)
SMU/ULW wakal (Constenla Umaña
2002:198)
MHV/MRK
MKT
taðic, YMA taði c, KLW taʔji t ‘corn’
(Wares 1968:81)
SMU
ta ni (Brown 2008:171)
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 19: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND MISUMALPAN
HOKAN
MISUMALPAN
PPOM
*maha- ‘brother-in-law’ (McLendon
1973:69); mhk maha-j, MRK/YMA maxa-j
‘guy’; MHV maha ‘young’
*maha > MKT mahma ‘irmão’
(Brown 2008:352), SMU maha
‘irmão/primo’ (von Houwald
1980:99)
ha oal
PPOM *mahsi-kʔ > POM-S mahsi , POM-E
ma sikʰ (McLendon 1973:74); SLN moʃeʔ
(Mason 1918:133)
MKT
loud
PPOM
*qʰaʔbu > POM-E xa bo (McLendon
1973:71)
PMSM
old
CTL-L
KAK
o e
MHV
ivaa- (Munro et alii 1992:105), DGN wejiw (Couro & Hutcheson 1973:68)
SMU/ULW ajwa (Constenla Umaña
2002:199)
da
YVP s-ma (Shaterian 1983:454); KKP ma
‘sky/above’ (Crawford 1989:119)
SMU/ULW ma ‘sun/day’ (Constenla
Umaña 2002:198-199)
do e/pigeo
YVP
di k
YNA sii, PYUM *si (Gursky 1974:185); SRI -asi
(Marlett 2007:175); PTLJ *sɨ(th) ‘water’
PMSM
ea
PYUM
*ʂmalʲ (Gursky 1974:185)> KKP
ʃumalʲ, DGN sumaɬ (Wares 1968:82)
PMSM
eat/ ite
SRI
eat/ o
CMR ama, SLN ama (Mason 1918:138), PPLH
*am ‘eat’, PYUM *ama , KKP ɬʲma ‘eat’ (Gursky
1974:186, Crawford 1989:455); YVP ʔ ma
‘someone is eating’ (Shaterian 1983:555);
MHV ama (59); KKP sama s (Crawford
1989:242) ‘meal’
edge/ a gi
KMK
egg/ hi ke
hmaʔ, WLP hma, KKP/PAI xma ‘chicken’;
xuma /xma (Crawford 1989:357), DGN
hu ma j ‘ofspring’ (Couro & Hutcheson
1973:93); (see also: MHV humal/humar
‘baby’ (Munro et alii 1992:80))
othe -i la / othe
tsˀos (O'Connor 2013:16)
sakwita ‘pigeon’ (Shaterian 1983:449)
kat, CMR qˀat ‘bite’ (Gursky 1988:23)
kōn ‘edge/beach’
KLW
KKP
fi e
*ʔa-ʔaw, SLN *t ̣-aʔaw ‘fire’, YNA ʔaw
(Gursky 1974:188)
PYUM
PMSM
masku (Brown 2008:359)
*amu (Constenla Umaña
1987:156)
tus- (Constenla Umaña
2002:198)
MKT
s-wita ‘dove’ (Brown 2008:171)
*di (Constenla Umaña
1987:152)
*tupal (Constenla Umaña
1987:157)
SMU/ULW kas- ‘eat’ (Constenla
Umaña 2002:197)
am, SMU ama, KAK/MTG ajma
‘corn’ (Constenla Umaña 1987:156)
ULW
SMU
kuŋ ‘edge/margin’; MKT un ‘lip’
suma-n, ULW suma ‘egg’ (von
Houwald 1980:113 (see also: MKT/
SMU wahma ‘menino’)
SMU
*paw ‘red’ (Constenla Umaña
1987:158)
PMSM
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 19: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND MISUMALPAN
HOKAN
MISUMALPAN
fish/eel
SLN
go
KMK
go/ alk
CTL-L
goose
SLN
kalakˀ (Mason 1918:123)
kalak ‘kingfisher’ (von Houwald
1980:91)
gou d
KKP
ɬʲu mas ‘pot’ (Crawford 1989:494)
suma (von Houwald
1980:112/113)
g a dfathe
SLN
neneʔ ‘grandparents’ (Mason 1918:134)
PMSM
g ee /g ass
swan ‘fish’ (Mason 1918:123)
kio
ʔwa (O'Connor 2013:36), PYUM *wa
(> TPA wa-m, DGN wamp), KCM l-wa (Mixko
1978:86), KRK va; PPOM *-wa-, CMR wam
‘walk’ (Gursky 1974:100)
̄ , POM-SW sˀamo, POM-NO camor-,
sán
POM-O cˀaba ‘green’; PYUM *sama-l ‘grass’
MKT
swara ‘eel’ (Brown 2008:29)
SMU
kiu- (von Houwald 1980:50)
*wa (Constenla Umaña
1987:155), MKT wap ‘let’s go’
(Brown 2008:468)
PMSM
SMU
SMU
*nini ‘grandfather’ (Constenla
Umaña 1987:152)
*sam ‘green’ (Constenla
Umaña 1987:159)
KRK
PMSM
guts/fe es
KLW
paʔ, KKP/TPA pxa, DGN pxa ‘guts’
(Wares 1968:86); PPOM *ah-pʰa
‘guts/excrement’ > POM-N/-E pʰa, POM-NE/SE
fa (McLendon 1973:74)
ULW ba ‘guts’, SMU ba ‘guts/feces’
(von Houwald 1980:82, Constenla
Umaña 2002:200)
gu /testi le/
pe is
YVP
wahma ‘testicle’; YVP hma, KKP xma, DGN
hamaa ‘penis’; YVP hmaɲ ‘child’; YVP
hme/hma r, PAI xmar ‘boy’; YVP home, MRK
xomay, PAI xume, KKP xma /xuma ‘son’; MHV
xumar, MRK xomar, YMA xu mar ‘young’
SMU/ULW/MKT wahma ‘guy/young’
(von Houwald 1980:120, Brown
2008:463)
hai
SLN
ho e
SRI
jama χ ‘honey/fermented beverage’
(Moser & Marlett 2005:603)
amak ‘honey’, ULW amak ‘bee’
(von Houwald 1980:79)
house
PYUM
*uvaʔ (Gursky 1974:194), CTL-L a-hutɬʔ
(O'Connor 2013:22), CTL-H -a-huɬ (Turner &
Turner 1971:261)
PMSM
hus a d
SRI
-a ɬ ‘husband/wife’ (Moser & Marlett
2005:39); SLN la ‘husband’ (Mason
1918:134); KRK ʔara (Gursky 1974: 200)
SMU/ULW
kill
SRI
lad
YVP
mas ‘pubic hair’ (Mason 1918:127)
-ikʷ (Moser & Marlett 2005:693)
h a ra (Shaterian 1983:466)
SMU/ULW
bas ‘hair/leaf’ (von
Houwald 1980:83)
SMU
*u, MKT utla (Constenla
Umaña 1987:153)
al ‘man/husband’,
SMU/ULW jal ‘woman/wife’ (von
Houwald 1980:78/124, Constenla
Umaña 2002:198)
MKT
ik- (Brown 2008:155)
MKT
tjara (Brown 2008:161)
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 19: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND MISUMALPAN
HOKAN
MISUMALPAN
la do
CTL-L
PMSM
leaf
TPA waɬ, KKP wal; PYUM *-waR ‘feather’
(Mixko 1978:85)
MKT
lie/sleep
ACH
am, SRI om ‘lie’ (Gursky 1989:20); DGN
hema (Couro & Hutcheson 1973:92)
SMU/ULW ama ‘sleep’ (Constenla
Umaña 2002:198)
li e
a /
hus a d
oo /
taŋ- (O'Connor 2013:24)
KLW
iwa j, SHT e ve ‘dwell’; MHV u va ‘live’
(Munro et alii 1992:197); KRK ʔi v-, KCM/DGN
ʔewa , HVS/YVP uwa ‘house’ (Gursky
1974:194; Gursky 1989:13/21)
MKT
*hiʔ-baja > POM-N/-C -baija (Gursky
1989:22, Gursky 1974:197) ‘man’; PYUM
*ma (j) ‘man/male’ (Mixko 1978:90)
MKT
PPOM
KMK
ka’n ‘moon’
Pleiades
othe
iw- (Brown 2008:235)
maia ‘husband’ (Brown
2002:360)
*kadu ‘Pleiades’ (Constenla
Umaña 1987:157)
PMSM
ʔita, PYUM *n-taj, KCM -taj (Gursky
1974:198; Mixko 1978:91)
SMU/ULW
naθi , YVP neti, HVS naθi, KKP nʲʃi , KLW
ʔsi ‘mother’s sister’ (Wares 1968:88)
MKT
MHV
ouse/
PYUM
*ʔ(a)malʲk ‘mouse’ (Gursky 1974:202)
pa a
ight
waha (Brown 2008:463)
SRI
othe s
siste
outh
*udam [udaŋ] (Constenla
Umaña 1987:152)
SRI
i-ta (Moser & Marlett 2005:648)
itam [itaŋ] (Constenla
Umaña 2002:198)
anti ‘irmã da mãe’ (Brown
2008:254)
malka ‘paca’ (von Houwald
1980:99)
SMU
*ta (Constenla Umaña
1987:153)
PMSM
CTL-L puɡi
(O'Connor 2013:26), CTL-H -i-buɡiʔ
(Turner & Turner 1971:295)
puk ‘dark’, puk-ta ‘night’, ULW
pukka ‘night’, MKT puk
‘dark/cloudy’ (von Houwald
1980:107, Brown 2008:394)
path
PPOM *hiʔ-da >POM-N/-C/-NE/-E da
(McLendon 1973:85)
SMU/ULW ta (Constenla Umaña
2002:197)
sea
SLN ʃ-kˀem̥ (Mason 1918:132), POM-SW
qʰamosʔ (Gursky 1975:200, 1989:25), SRI
χæpæ (Moser & Marlett 2005:799)
MKT/SMU kabu (Brown 2008:154,
von Houwald 1980:91)
seed
PPOM
*muhka (McLendon 1973:103)
MKT/SMU/ULW sau-muk (SMU/ULW
SMU
sau ‘earth’) (von Houwald
1980:110, Constenla Umaña
2002:199)
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 19: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND MISUMALPAN
HOKAN
shoulde /
a
/ i g
MISUMALPAN
ACH
ta la ‘omoplata’ (50); SLN i-taʔl ‘shoulder’
(Mason 1918:126); CTL-H/-L -ʃaɬ ‘wing’
(O'Connor 2013:37, Turner & Turner
1971:249); PPOM *ʔi-ʃa l, PYUM *i-ʂalʲ
‘arm/wing’ (Gursky 1974:178)
SMU/ULW salah ‘shoulder’ (von
Houwald 1980:109)
ʔapi (Gursky 1974:205), ACH apis ‘older
sister’ (Gursky 1990:5); PAI/HVS n-ami
‘mother’s younger sister’ (Wares 1968:88)
SMU/ULW ami(s)
siste
CTL
so
KCM
wisa (Mixko 1978:97)
KAK/MTG
speak
DGN
w-a j-p (Couro & Hutcheson 1973:94)
PMSM *aj- > KAK aj, SMU ajam
[ajaŋ], MKT ajs (Constenla Umaña
1987:156, Constenla Umaña
2002:198)
speak
PYUM
*ʔi: >DGN w-ii (Couro & Hutcheson
1973:56)
MKT
speak/
SRI -itom, CTL-T tom, JKQ tol ‘falar’ (Gursky
1990:14)
PMSM *tu ‘tongue’ > KAK tu-m, MTG
tumam (Constenla Umaña
1987:155; Campbell 1975:150)
to gue
‘sister/cousin’ (von
Houwald 1980:79)
wi- (Constenla Umaña
2002:198)
spide
SLN
sto e
SLN
KAK
su / oo /
iʔ-lala ‘star’; SLN na’ ‘sun’ (Mason
1918:133); CMR alla ‘sun’, PPOM *ʔa-la (-ʃa)
‘sun/moon’ > POM-O la , POM-C la (McLendon 1973:81; Gursky 1974:207), KMK
a’l
KAK
sta
tsˀopen (Mason 1918:125)
ʃ-xap (Mason 1918:132); SLN ʃ-apa-neɬ
‘stone.P’
YNA
t ̣ama:neɬ ‘houses’ (Mason 1918:130)
supai, ULW su pim [supiŋ] (von
Houwald 1980:113)
SMU
apa, MTG appa (Campbell
1975:149)
lan, MTG lal ‘sun’ (Campbell
1975:149)
illage
SLN
ul a/
PHOK
SMU
*-nmi/*nami > KLW nmi’/ nemi’,
MRK/YMA name; SLN s-nam ‘wildcat’ (Mason
1918:124); WLP/YVP/MHV namaθ, TPA/PAI
namas ‘raccoon’
MKT
agi a
ild at/
jagua
*i-pis; KRK vi θ ‘vulva’, CTL-H beʃuʔ
‘vagina’ (Gursky 1974:210; Gursky 1990:20);
KMK e’p ‘tail’
PYUM
misa (Campbell 1975:150)
MKT/SMU
tawan ‘village’ (Brown
2002:441, von Houwald 1980:115)
ip/ipit (von Houwald 1980:90)
limi, KAK nama, MTG namas
(Constenla Umaña 1987:158)
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 19: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND MISUMALPAN
HOKAN
o a /
east/ ife
MISUMALPAN
*maja ‘wife’ (Constenla
Umaña 1987:154)
-maj, PYUM *-ma (j) ‘breast/nipple/milk’
(Mixko 1978:82) > YVP ʔ-maja ‘milk’, KLW nimaju; KKP nʲi-maj ‘nipple’, DGN ɲ-e-maj
(Couro & Hutcheson 1973:65)
PMSM
KCM
*bi la (McLendon 1973:100); YVP ʔaʔi la, WLP/PAI ʔil, DGN ʔiɬ (Wares 1968:96)
o
*bid (Constenla Umaña
1987:155) ‘worm/snake’ > SMU bil
‘snake’, SMU babil ‘worm’, KAK bil
‘worm’ (Constenla Umaña
1987:155)
PPOM
PMSM
The follo i g h potheses e e aised: i these pa allels ep ese t o o i gs f o
Hoka sou e; ii these pa allels ep ese t o o i gs f o
Ma a , Oto a guea , et . ; iii Le a a d o Misu alpa
sto k. If e dis ega d the last h pothesis, the
those pa allels
a
a thi d sou e Uto-Azte a ,
ight e
a hes of the Hoka
ost plausi le e pla atio fo at least so e of
a that Le a s a d Misu alpa s
eei
o ta t
ith Hoka speake s
du i g p ehisto i al ti es.
Fu the possi le t a es of a o the
pa allels that those la guages ea
o igi of Le a a d Misu alpa a e so e le i al
ith Atakapa, sho
i Ta les
-
.
TABLE 20: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN ATAKAPA AND LENCAN
ATAKAPA
LENCAN
.“
-o
LKA-S
-u
.P
ke
LKA-S
ki-(nani)
.P
ha; a ‘this’
LKA-S
a-(nani)
ell
kom
LKA-S
k'omo
o e
tsi, tsigg
LKA-H
seh, LKA-S; tse'k, -ts'e
u /t ee
lam ‘burn’
LKA-H
i lama ‘tree’
a
tsam
LKA-S
jam
ea /hea
an ‘ear’
PLKA
ea th/ ud
lu ‘mud’
LKA-S
luh ‘earth’
egg
ku
LKA-S
kua
*eni ‘hear’; also: LKA-H janh/jam ‘ear’
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 20: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN ATAKAPA AND LENCAN
ATAKAPA
LENCAN
fo ehead
itse'
LKA-S
tits'e
gi e
mi
LKA-S
mi
go/ o e
ō ‘come’
PLKA
*o- ‘go’
eɲ ‘name’
PLKA
*aj- ‘speak’
s oke
po'
LKA-H
po:ro, LKA-S mo
so
juts
LKA-S
ju
this
nak
PLKA
*na
a e/speak
TABLE 21: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN ATAKAPA AND MISUMALPAN
ATAKAPA
MISUMALPAN
hi-, i-
PMSM *-i,
pats (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:161)
MKT
pa sa
heek/head
āl ‘cheek’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:164)
MKT
lal ‘head’
ook/ ake
ām ‘cook’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:164)
MKT
am- ‘bake’, KKP wam ‘baked’
da k/ ight
mēl ‘black’ (Gatschet & Swanton
1932:162)
KKP mal
fish
jal ‘to fish’ (Gatschet & Swanton
1932:167)
KKP jal, MTG
fo
ʃul (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:116)
jul-, SMU sul (von Houwald
1980:112)
go
waɲ/wan (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:141)
PMSM *wa
g ee / ood
tāt ‘green’
SMU
head
tol (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:134)
SMU
hea
nak ‘hear’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:85)
SMU daka- ‘know/feel/hear’ (von
Houwald 1980:86)
hea t/ east
ʃo ‘heart’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:169)
PMSM *su
hole
pā ‘nest/hole’ (Gatschet & Swanton
1932:100)
pa ‘home/hole’ (von Houwald
1980:104)
leaf
waʃ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:170)
waha, SMU bas (von Houwald
1980:83)
.“
ai
*-ki
‘night’
jale ‘fish’
MKT
tat ‘wood’ (von Houwald 1980:115)
tuna(n)/ ULW tun- (von Houwald
1980:117)
‘breast’
SMU
MKT
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
TABLE 21: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN ATAKAPA AND MISUMALPAN
ATAKAPA
MISUMALPAN
a
i-ōl (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:171)
SMU
al
othe
teɲ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:129)
SMU
itaŋ; also: PMSM *titiŋ ‘grandmother’
ud
lu (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:77)
MKT
lau; SMU sau
a e/speak
eɲ ‘name’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:172)
PMSM *ajaŋ
ight
tem (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:166)
MKT
peppe /salt
ci ̄ck ‘salt’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:175)
SMU tiski ‘pepper’ (von Houwald
1980:116)
pestle
pa (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:171)
KKP/MTG apa
sea/paddle
kam ‘paddle’ (Gatschet & Swanton
1932:64)
MKT ka bu, SMU kabu ‘sea’ (von Houwald
1980:91)
self/othe
nuk ‘self’
SMU
uk ‘other’ (von Houwald 1980:118)
s oke
hak-vu
MKT
pak-b-, SMU aka-bus-
su / ight
lam ‘bright’ (Gatschet & Swanton
1932:75)
KKP
lan ‘sun’
that
ja (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:152)
SMU
ja-ka
that/
ma ‘that’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:78)
MKT
ba ‘3’
this
a
SMU
a-ka
t ee/pi e
māɲ ‘pine’ (Gatschet & Swanton
1932:173)
PMSM *ban
illage/
uʃ ‘village’ (Gatschet & Swanton
1932:180)
PMSM *u
jul (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:181)
SMU/ULW
house
od
O e possi le e pla atio
‘speak’ > KKP aj
tama
‘pestle/stone’
‘tree’ > KKP man
‘house’
jul (von Houwald 1980:125)
ould e that the the fo efathe s of the Atakapa s
ee
o igi all Mesoa e i a s. This app oa h is uite p eli i a , though, a d at least so e of
those ese
Ma a , et . .
la es
a
e fo tuitous o
o o i gs f o
a thi d sou e Uto-Azte a ,
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
. DI“CU““ION
The li guisti data p ese ted i §
o ta ts a d populatio
halle ge the
halle ges the a tual s ie tifi u de sta di g of
o e e ts th ough the A e i as du i g p ehisto
hole ie . Fo i sta e, o e of the
efe e e of the o igi s of t o of the
ai a ise
a d
uestio s
a
akes di e t
ai A e i dia G oups i Mesoa e i a, a el the
Oto a guea s a d the Ma a s. “i e those e ide e a
ot e egle ted a d
ust e
a ou ted fo , t o pate t h potheses e e ge:
H pothesis: the fo efathe s of the Oto a guea s a d/o of the Ma a s e e
st
•
i deed Mesoa e i a s a d so e of thei
ig ato /e plo ato
sea o th
d
•
e tu ed i to
t a els alo g the Pa ifi Coast of “outh A e i a usi g
oats o afts.
H pothesis: the fo efathe s of the Oto a guea s a d/o of the Ma a s e e
a tuall
“outh
A ei a s
ig ato /e plo ato
sea o th
O iousl ,
tho oughl
des e da ts
a d
thei
des e da ts
e tu ed
t a els alo g the Pa ifi Coast i to Mesoa e i a usi g
oats o afts.
ased o l
i
li guisti e ide e
o e of those h potheses a
alidated, ei g pa a ou t i this ega d the use of i te dis ipli a
hat follo s I
i to
ill
e
e ide e. I
i g up so e i po ta t a haeologi al a d a haeo li atologi al
e ide e that ill su sta tiate a
“ hola s ha e f e ue tl
fu the a al ses.
alled the atte tio to ultu al elatio s et ee Weste
Me i o a d the Pa ifi Coast of “outh A e i a. Fo i sta e, so e o
o t aits sha ed
et ee the NW “outh A e i a a d West Me i a a haeologi al t aditio s a e: i shaft
to
sa d
o tua
offe i gs, i ludi g figu i es Ka et alii
te h i ues E a s & Megge s
;Go e
Cha
; i
:
-
; iii
etallu g
:
,
st le a d desig
; ii
; Lath ap
e a i o je ts a d
,
otifs Meigha
7 :
-
; Pi a
; A a alt
Both etallu gi al t aditio s e hi it st iki g si ila ities i desig a d fa i atio te h i ues, su h as: i use of
oppe -sil e , oppe -a se i a d gold allo s; ii use of lost- a te h i ue fo asti g; iii p odu tio of ope
i gs fou d i si ila o te ts: u ials asso iated ith the a iu of the de eased; also se ed as ea i gs o
ose i gs , depilato t eeze s oth ha e ea desig , e e old o ked to shape a d e e ade of oppe
7
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
;
lothi g A a alt
/
, Tello
, Fo d
Spo d lus as a s
eligious/s
;
i a hite to i a d i o og aphi te h i ues Uhle
, Wille
7 , Ku le
oli a d p estigious ite
, Ja usek
Ma os
oli status of the jagua Caste
77/
;
ii the use of
7 , a d
iii the high
.
O e u ial aspe t of ost of those sha ed a haeologi al t aits is that the
ea lie i
“outh A e i a tha
i
Mesoa e i a. Fo i sta e, A e i a
e e ged i the Ce t al A des du i g the
d
ille
iu
BC a d it see
th oughout
st
ille
iu
BC B uh s
u h of the A des du i g the
. I No the
Pe u a d i E uado , so e of its diag osti
e e fou d
Metallu g fi st
to ha e ee sp ead
; Alde de fe et alii
ha a te isti s
e e: i
p e ale e of oppe -sil e a d oppe -a se i allo s, a d ii p odu tio of status a d
utilita ia o je ts su h as eedles, a es, hoes, fishhooks, depilato
ope
i gs. I Weste
Colo
ia,
the follo i g ha a te isti s: i
etallu gi al te h i ues e e used f o
as asks, o tai e s, ells, pe so al ado
ost ota le pie es
Ba iuso Pe ez
eefo
7 ; Hosle
BC,
ea l e lusi e use of gold a d gold- oppe allo s; ii
e lusi e use of lost- a te h i ue fo asti g etal; iii
the
t eeze s a d i ula
the Cali a a d Qui
appea a e of Metallu g i i Weste
. O the othe ha d, a sudde a d late
,
desig a d fa i atio te h i ues et ee those
. The
AD appea s to e ooted
ost st iki g si ila ities i
etallu gi al t aditio s a e: i the use of
oppe -sil e , oppe -a se i a d gold allo s; ii the use of lost- a te h i ue fo
etal; iii the p odu tio of ope
a iu
a d
allo s
t eeze s i
ee
oth t aditio s the ha e ea
ade of oppe a d ells the
lost- a
“i e
asti g
i gs fou d i si ila o te ts: u ials asso iated ith the
of the de eased a d also se ed as ea i gs o
depilato
iu AD
a a Cultu es Es ale a U eña &
Me i o o l f o a ou d
i those “outh A e i a te h i ues Hosle
ea l
ost ite s e e status o je ts, su h
e ts, a d figu i es. Du i g the st ille
; Hosle et alii
ith
ee
ose i gs i
desig ,
ade i
asti g, e e outfitted ith a suspe sio
e e old
oth t aditio s ,
o ked to shape
oth t aditio s f o
oppe -gold
i g a d o tai ed a lappe .
ost of those e a ka le sha ed a haeologi al t aits ha e e pli itl olde dates
i “outh A e i a, the poi t to a ds the
a d ells ade f o
a lappe .
oppe -gold allo s
lost- a
st
H pothesis, hi h ill e ega ded as a p e isse
asti g, e e outfitted ith a suspe sio
i g a d o tai ed
August
fo
Ma elo Jolkesk
o
o . I
hat follo s I
ill
i g up possi le e pla atio s fo the
adle of the
fo efathe s of the Oto a guea s a d of the P oto-Ma a s i “outh A e i a.
. .
THE OTOMANGUEAN“ AND THEI‘ O‘IGIN“
Befo e goi g i to a
fu the
Oto a guea s, o e u ial aspe t
as a ge ealogi al u it
7:
ega di g the fo efathe s of the
ust e add essed: the alidit of the Oto a guea sto k
as e e tl
poi ts that si e
dis ussio
halle ged
Bo
. Fu the
o e, Ca p ell
ost P oto-Oto a guea le i al e o st u tio s a e o l si gle
s lla les of * C CV shape, the pote tial fo ha e ese
espe iall if the se a ti s of o pa ed fo
og ate sets. Pe so all , I ag ee
s a e ot e a t, as i
ith B o
a
,
of ‘e s h’s [
]
op. it. a d Ca p ell op. it. . Fo i sta e,
P oto-Otopa ea is i fa t uite di e ge t i te
le i o , ea i g al ost o ese
la e is elati el high ‘i ge
s of g a
ati al st u tu e a d e e i
la es ith othe Oto a guea su g oups’. O the othe
ha d, the e is still a ha e that so e la guage fa ilies assig ed to the Oto a guea sto k
a i deed fo
assu e B o
a ge ealogi al u it , ut p oofs ha e et to e p o ided. F o
o o I’ll
’s op. it. a gu e t that the Oto a guea sto k’ is a tuall a “p a h u d.
As detailed i § , p e iousl u told o
e tio s et ee diffe e t Oto a guea ’
la guage su g oups a d diffe e t la guage fa ilies like Paez, Co o u a , Cho oa , Ji aja a ,
“ali a -Hoti a d Tu a oa st o gl i pl that eth oge eti p o esses li ki g the a esto s
of those populatio s took pla e du i g p ehisto
i the o th este
esulti g i st o g la guage i te fe e es. Fu the
fo
ost
o e, it poi ts to a “outh A e i a o igi
a hes’ of the Oto a guea sto k’ Jolkesk
o i i g that speake s of la guages f o
ost
tip of “outh A e i a,
7, this pape . It ould e ha dl
a hes’ of the Oto a guea sto k’
ould ha e t a eled southeast a ds alo g the Pa ifi Coast to t ade o to olo ize
No th este
“outh A e i a, si e o a haeologi al e ide e e ists to suppo t su h lai .
O the othe ha d, the e is e ide e that so e ultu al aspe ts sp ead f o the No th este
“outh A e i a i to Mesoa e i a fo i sta e, Metallu g .
O e ohe e t e pla atio fo su h i te dis ipli a
populatio s ge e all
ega ded as Oto a guea s
A e i a a d that f o the st ille
e ide e ould e that diffe e t
e e i deed f o
No th este
“outh
iu BC the sta ted t a eli g o th est a ds alo g the
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
Pa ifi Coast i diffe e t a es, ea hi g “outh este
a d Weste
a o da e ith A a alt’s lai
that so e West Me i a
t adi g olo ies esta lished
g oups of
sta ed o pe
a e tl
e e p o a l o igi all
e ha ts of “outh A e i a o igi
a d that epeated t adi g/ olo izi g
these “outh A e i a s f o
:
illages
Me i o. This ie is i
a es
ho the
ould ha e p e e ted
e o i g [ o pletel ] a ultu ated Mesoa e i a s A a alt
7 . “u h i u sio s p o a l led to the e e ge e of the Weste
Me i o “haft To
T aditio .
B follo i g this app oa h, fu the h potheses a d possi le e pla atio s e e d a
•
:
The dis o e of st iki g le i al a d pho ologi al o espo de es et ee P oto)apote a
a d p e-Paez sho
Oto a guea
i
Oto a guea
pa tiall
akes Paez a
Colo
a t
o ds i Cho oa la guages
ake up a st atu
o espo de es
Otopa ea a d E
e a la guages a tuall
si e
a e ’t e o st u ta le eithe to P oto-E
of the
Cho oa ; this o ta t situatio
et ee
ust ha e happe ed du i g the
• The ase of p ehisto i al o ta ts et ee
et ee
ig
P oto-
ep ese t o o i gs o the latte s,
e a o to P otoille
st
a d hi t at a possi le P oto-P oto-Otopa ea Ho ela d i Weste
la guages poses a
a ui ed
so e of thei des e da ts due to
o ta t; fo i sta e, the st iki g le i al
si ila ities
Easte -
ia Highla ds.
the P oto-Cho oa s a d pa tiall
a
e
la guage i “outh A e i a a d hi ts at a possi le P oto-P oto-
)apote a Ho ela d i the “outhe
•
§
Oto a guea
iu
Colo
AD
ia.
a d Ba a oa
uestio . O
the o e ha d, o l a ha dful of le i al
Oto a guea
la guages a d P oto-Ba a oa , “outh
Ba a oa la guages o A a Pit ha e ee fou d. O the othe ha d, pa allels ith
P oto-Co o u a a ou d. Mo eo e , so e pho ologi al egula ities
fo esee
et ee P oto-Co o u a a d so e
sto k fo i sta e, P oto-)apote a
e e also
a hes of the Oto a guea
a d P oto-Mi te a . It i plies that the
e e ge e of the P oto-Co o u a la guage
as a esult of st o g li guisti
I the light of elia le e o st u tio s of P oto-)apote a -Popolo a if it i deed holds t ue
o e p e ise e pla atio a out the positio of Paez i a possi le la guage sto k.
e shall ha e a
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
i te fe e es
a e th ough
eolizatio
a d hi ts agai at possi le P oto-
P oto-)apote a a d P oto-P oto-Mi te a Ho ela ds i the “outhe
Colo
ia
Highla ds. This o ta t situatio shall e fu the add essed i the futu e.
• The e is also a good a ou t of le i al
Oto a guea
settli g i o
o espo de es
la guages a d la guage fa ilies
ea the Colo
“ali a -Hoti a d Ji aja a ;
P oto-Mazate a
et ee
the
hose speake s p o a l
ee
ia A des du i g p ehisto , a el : Tu a oa ,
ost of the ese
la es a e ith P oto-Otopa ea ,
a d Tlapa e a , a d at least pa t of the
a
ep ese t
o o i gs hi ti g at possi le P oto-P oto-Otopa ea , P oto-P oto-Tlapa e a
a d P oto-P oto-Mazate a Ho ela ds i the Colo
et ee
Otopa ea /Tlapa e a
ia Mo taña. The pa allels
a d “ali a -Hoti la guages a e spe iall
i t igui g, si e the i lude p o ou s a d so e
o phologi al affi es.
All those o pa iso s shall e fu the add essed i the futu e. Cha t
possi le e oli guisti
o
esu e the
e tio s of the Paez la guage, the Ba a oa fa il a d the Duho
sto k i the Oto a guea “p a h u d.
Cha t : Possi le e oli guisti o e tio s of the Paez la guage, the Ba a oa fa il a d the Duho sto k i the
Oto a guea “p a h u d Tlapa e a , Ma guea , Otopa ea , Chi a te a , A uzgoa , Mi te a , Popolo a
a d )apote a fa ilies .
“i e the P oto-Co o u a la guage o tai s a ele a t li guisti st atu of Oto a guea o igi , it’s
plausi le that the p e-P oto-Co o u a s e e Oto a guea la guage speake s that i te i gled ith a f a tio
of P oto-Ba a oa speake s that ig ated to the “outhe Colo ia A des du i g p ehisto ,
hi h the
P oto-Co o u a s e e ged.
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
. .
THE P‘OTO-MAYAN“ AND THEI‘ O‘IGIN“
C u ial aspe t to o side i
follo i g a haeoli guisti
aspe ts that li k thei fo efathe s
p ehisto i Ma a loa s left i Weste
i § , ii Olso ’s lai
ge eti all
ega di g the o igi s of the P oto-Ma a s a e the
,
Boli ia la guages, i Ka do i a d i Paez p ese ted
that the U u-Chipa a a d the Ma a la guages a e
elated, a d iii “ta k’s lai
spoke i the No the
A othe
that Mo hi a – a isolate la guage fo
Pe u ia Coast – a d the Ma a la guages a e ge eti all
el
elated.
u ial aspe t is the a haeologi al o e. O the o e ha d, the e is o e ide e
that the Ma a s left Mesoa e i a usi g sea o th
ig ato /e plo ato
oats o
afts a d e tu ed i to
t a els alo g the Pa ifi Coast of “outh A e i a, e e less i to the
Titi a a asi . O the othe ha d, a
/
ith “outh A e i a: i
, Tello
, Fo d
e ide es al ead
, Ku le
ought fo t
, Ja usek
, Caste
a
s hola s Uhle
, highlighted so e
i po ta t o elatio s li ki g the Ma a s ith the Cupis i ue-Cha i a d Ti a aku Cultu es.
Fo i sta e, i ese
la es i thei a hite to i a d i o og aphi t aditio s, a d ii the
high eligious status of the jagua .
A othe aspe t to o side is the saili g apa ilities o e lo g dista es. A o di g to
Callagha
:7
,
hile o th a d o ages
a ha e take as little as t o
o ths,
south a d o ages ould ha e e tailed at least fi e o ths a d a ha e e ui ed a st ateg
that took the afts offsho e fo as lo g as a
e ui i g
o side a le
o th , thus,
le gth
e dea ou
Fu the
o e, the e is o e ide e that the Ma a s
Taki g all this i to a ou t, I’
aki g a south a d saili g a
a igatio al skills
Callagha
id.:
.
aste ed te h i ues of offsho e saili g.
aisi g the possi ilit that the fo efathe s of the P oto-
Ma a s he e the p odu e s of the Cupis i ue-Cha i Cultu e. B assu i g this, it ould e
logi al that the P oto-P oto-Ma a s’ ultu al a d li guisti t aits
o
e e diffused f o
a
o sou e so e he e i the Pe u ia Coast. Follo i g this ie , a f a tio of the P oto-
Ma a s’ fo efathe s ould ha e e ig ated f o
u til ea hi g the Guate ala Coast. It
“outh A e i a alo g the Pa ifi usi g afts,
a ha e happe ed du i g the e d of the
d
“ta k’s o k
is u e tl ei g e ie ed ‘ita Elo a ta as pa t of he PhD disse tatio o the Mo hi a
la guage.
O e of the st iki g a hite to i a d i o og aphi si ila ities is the use of sto e te o heads p ot udi g f o
te ple alls, that ha e ee a al zed as depi tio s of ule s, gods a d/o t a sfo ed sha a s/p iests.
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
ille
iu
BC a d thei a i al i the the Guate ala Coast
te h ologi al a d ultu al ha ges that
BC a d the egi
ould ha e
ought i te se
a ked the e d of the Ea l P e lassi
i g of the Middle P e lassi
–
O e possi le e pla atio fo the a a do
–
BC i the Ma a Ch o olog .
e t of thei o igi al “outh A e i a
Ho ela d is the oupli g of ha sh li ati /geologi al e e ts, hi h is ot u o
o i the
a id la ds of Coastal Pe u. O e of su h ases happe ed, fo i sta e, du i g the fi st half of
the
ille
d
iu
BC, ausi g d a ati i pa ts upo
as due to the oupli g of a pe iod
du atio
–
BC pa tiall
the sea le el
“talle
–
BC
: - ; Dilleha
ost Coastal Pe u ia
ith Mega El Niño e e ts i
ultu es. This
eased i f e ue
oi ide t ith a pe iod of high-f e ue
elated to the last postgla ial
a i u
a d
os illatio s i
sea t a sg essio
7: 7 - 7 ; . O the othe ha d, the fo efathe s of the P oto-
Ma a s that e ai ed i “outh A e i a o ti ued to p odu e the Cupis i ue-Cha i Cultu e
–
BC , sp eadi g it i to the Ce t al A des a d late i to the Titi a a asi .
Although Olso ’s
fa ilies
e e ge eti all
pa allels pi poi ted
,
h pothesis that Ma a a d U u-Chipa a la guage
elated
Olso
as effe ti el
uled out
Ca p ell
, the le i al
op. it a i stead e see as possi le Ma a spu s left i the
U u-Chipa a la guages due to o ta t i p ehisto i al ti es. Altogethe , Olso ’s
the e ide e p ese ted i §
oka d
ake up a li guisti e ide e of the Ma a p ese e i the
Boli ia Highla ds du i g p ehisto . Mo eo e , as poi ted
Jolkesk
:
;
-
,
all th ee add essed eth oli guisti g oups U u-Chipa a , Mosete , Ku za took pa t i the
Ci u -Titi a a I te a tio “phe e CTI“ , hose st e gth i
it u de
e ts
BC afte
eti p o esses that fused the lo al Titi a a Basi Cultu es Puka a, Chi ipa,
Wa ka a i, et . i to a ultu al a d os ologi al o ple
T aditio .
eased f o a ou d
I te esti gl , a haeologi al e o ds st o gl
alled the Ya a a a ‘eligious
suppo t the lai
that those
It’s ai e the p esu ptio that the Ma a Ch o olog si e the A hai Pe iod
BC - o e e the hole
P e lassi Pe iod
BC –
AD as e ti el p odu ed
speake s of Ma a la guages. O e su h lai
i plies that a a haeologi al ultu e is e essa il ou d to a spe ifi li guisti fa il a d hu ts the ai
p i iples of ultu oge esis a d eth oge esis. Fo o e o this ie , see Jolkesk
:
- 7 .
If this easo i g o es to e t ue, it is possi le that the al ead k o Mi e-)o uea loa s i P oto-Ma a
a ep ese t e ide e of a ultu oge eti /eth oge eti p o ess that took pla e ith the ad a e of the P otoMa a s i to Mi e-)o uea la ds.
The Ya a a a ‘eligious T aditio se ed as a fu da e tal asis fo the eligious o stitutio of the Ti a aku
Cultu e Ti a aku phases I-III a d of the su se ue t Ti a aku E pi e. Its i flue e as su h that f o at least
AD it al ead e te ded th oughout the “outh-Ce t al A des Moh -Chá ez
: ; ‘e Go zález
;
August
s
Ma elo Jolkesk
eti p o esses that led to the e e ge e of Ya a a a ‘eligious T aditio
a esult of lo al e olutio , ut e e i effe t hea il i flue ed
phase of the olde Cupis i ue-Cha i Cultu e
Pe u ia Coast B o
a
77 . A o di g to B o
ee o e shado ed
ult e te i flue i g the highla ds f o
the Pa a as
–
BC
– BC that flou ished i the “outh Ce t al
7 ; Moh Cha ez
Pa a as a ea, hi h had ea lie
e e ot o l
a
id.:
7 , the
Cha i , had e o e the pa a ou t
Lake Ju i to Lake Titi a a . I this se se, ased o
all the a o e, the e is a eal ha e that ea e s of the Cupis i ue-Cha i T aditio
ee
speake s of a Ma a la guage.
Last ut ot least, a fu the li guist e ide e that elates the Ma a s
Cupis i ue-Cha i
T aditio
a e le i al pa allels that
a
ith the
o stitute p ehisto i Ma a
o o i gs i Ka do i. The Ka do i speak a Ma o-A a aka la guage. A o di g to Jolkesk
:
-
, thei
a hai
fo efathe s
e e ged i the Yu gas of Middle Ma añ
P oto-P oto-Ka doshi-“hap a
du i g the
st
ille
iu
P oto-Ma o-A a aka s p odu e s of the Tutish ai o T aditio
eth oge i p o esses
Kotosh T aditio
T aditio
i te
–
–
i i g fi stl
BC afte a f a tio of the
u de
e t su essi e
ith ea e s of the Kotosh-Wai aji a phase of the
BC, Uppe Huallaga a d late
BC, Middle Ma añ
ith the p odu e s of the Bagua
. The e a e, i fa t, se e al e ide es that the
e a i s of the Bagua a d Hua u o T aditio s ha e ee i flue ed e a tl
featu es of Cupis i ue-Cha i , Kotosh a d Tutish ai o T aditio s “had
; Clas
T aditio
:
/
-
p esu a l
diag osti
7,
; DeBoe
. O the othe ha d, the Kotosh-Kotosh phase of the Kotosh
as also hea il i flue ed
the Cupis i ue-Cha i T aditio .
7
Taki g all this i to a ou t, I’ assu i g the follo i g h potheses that shall e fu the
add essed i the futu e:
i
the Cupis i ue-Cha i Cultu e
a d Ti a aku Cultu es
hi h ha e i flue ed Kotosh, Bagua, Pa a as
as p odu ed
Ma a speake s.
Ko pisaa i & P ssi e
: 7- . The e e ge e of the Ti a aku Cultu e p edates i
a i al of a a a a d ke hua speake s f o the “outh Ce t al Pe u ia A des.
7
This led to the e e ge e of the last fase of the Kotosh T aditio : Kotosh-Cha i
–
a
e tu ies the
BC .
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
ii
the P oto-P oto-P oto-Ka do i-“hap a, p odu e s of the Kotosh-Kotosh fase of
the Kotosh T aditio , i te
i ed
ith those Ma a speake s, esulti g i the
afo e e tio ed li guisti a d ultu al i flue es.
iii
the e e ge e of the Ya a a a ‘eligious T aditio
i flue ed
a ou d
i
those Ma a speake s that i
as also hea il
ig ated fi stl to Pa a as f o
BC, a d latte to the Titi a a asi f o
a ou d
BC.
the eth oge esis of the P oto-Ku za , P oto-Mosete a , P oto-U u-Chipa a
a d P oto-Puki a speake s took pla e i side the CTI“ a d du i g this p o ess
the ha e e gaged i
o ta ts ith the afo e e tio ed Ma a speake s; so e
le i al pa allels sho
i § . a e i fa t o o i gs f o those Ma a sou es
a d ep ese t a additio al e ide e of the Ma a p ese e i the Boli ia
Highla ds du i g p ehisto .
As also poi ted i § , it’s highl plausi le that Le a s a d Misu alpa s
eei
o ta t ith Hoka speake s du i g p ehisto i al ti es. “i e Le a s a d Misu alpa s a e
o ada s e
peoples
fa f o
e e fo
ost Hoka speake s, o e possi le e pla atio
e l settled lose
ould e that those
. Taki g i to a ou t the h pothesis that the
fo efathe s of the P oto-Ma a s e e ’t o igi all f o
Mesoa e i a, the e is a ha e that
the Ho ela ds of the P oto-Hoka s, P oto-Misu alpa s a d P oto-Le a s e e so e he e
et ee the Pa ifi Coast of Guate ala a d “outhe
ha e that those populatio s
phase of the Ma a Ch o olog
fo
ould ha e p odu ed the Ea l -P e lassi
of the the
–
BC
a d that the a i al of the fo efathe s of the P oto-Ma a s
the No th-Ce t al Pe u ia
e o figu atio
Me i o. Follo i g this ie , the e is a
Coast a ou d
BC
e isti g Mesoa e i a
ould ha e led to a ha sh
eth oli guisti
ap. O e of su h
o se ue es ould e the sp eadi g of those olde Mesoa e i a populatio s i diffe e t
di e tio s:
i
Most des e da ts of P oto-Hoka s
Coast u til the U“,
It ust e st essed that the Ma a loa
Ma a p ese e i “outh A e i a.
he e
a
o ds i Paez, sho
e t o th est a d alo g the Pa ifi
su g oups e e ged th ough diffe e t
i Ta le , is a othe li guisti e ide e of the
The fa t that those le i al pa allels et ee Hoka a d Misu alpa o et ee Hoka a d Le a
a
ep ese t eithe og ates o loa s does ’t i te fe e i the a gu e t that thei speake s e e o e li i g lose
.
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
eth oge i p o esses, a d o e P oto-Tol-Ji a uea s
e t east a d u til
Ho du as.
ii
P oto Misu alpa s a d P oto Le a s took the southeast oute alo g the
Pa ifi Coast u til ea hi g the Gulf of Fo se a, f o
he e the sp ead i the
hi te la ds of El “al ado , Ho du as a d Ni a agua.
Although those h potheses a
o se ati e esea he , I st o gl
e ide e ep ese ts p oofs that a
a
e see as p e atu e o e e
o t o e sial
a
elie e that all the afo e e tio ed i te dis ipli a
ot e fu the
egle ted a d
ust e a ou ted fo i
di e ge t app oa h. At this ti e, the assu ptio s ega di g i the o igi s of the P oto-
Ma a s, a d ii
Le a s
he e/ho
the Hoka s e te ed i
o ta t
ith the Misu alpa s a d the
ust e take as i sights a d shall e fu the add essed i the futu e i the light of
o e e ide es o
ou te -e ide es .
. CONCLUDING ‘EMA‘K“
The i te dis ipli a
the follo i g populatio
st
e ide e
ought
e i this stud
o e e ts happe ed du i g P ehisto :
o populatio : fo efathe s of the P oto-Ma a s.
o date:
-
BC.
o p o a le oute o e
Coast of Guate ala.
ig ato
a e : Pe u ia Coast No te Chi o >>> Pa ifi
o p o a le ause: populatio e odus due to ha sh li ati
d
aised the possi ilit that
oupled e e ts.
o populatio s: fo efathe s of the so alled Oto a guea s : P oto-P otoOtopa ea s, P oto-P oto-Chi a te a s, P oto-P oto-)apote a s, P oto-P otoPopolo a s P oto-P oto-A uzgoa s, P oto-P oto-Mi te a s, P oto-P otoTlapa e a s, P oto-P oto-Ma guea s.
o date: 7
BC -
DC.
o p o a le oute a
“outhe a d Weste
ig ato
Me i o.
a es : Weste
Colo
ia >>> Pa ifi Coast of
o p o a le ause: t ade, e pa sio o possi l populatio e odus due to a
e a ka le high i ease i ol a i a ti it alo g the No the A des E uado
a d Colo ia et ee 7 BC –
AD Ve zke
.
August
d
Ma elo Jolkesk
o populatio : Ma a speake s p odu e s of the Cha i Cultu e .
o date: a ou d
BC.
o p o a le oute: Pa a as egio >>> Titi a a Basi .
o p o a le ause: the fall of Cha i de Hua ta a d the e e ge e of P otoQue hua do i a e i the Ce t al Pe u ia A des.
If those h potheses o e to e alid, it
ill ha e p ofou d o se ue es i the
u de sta di g of the adle a d e olutio of the A dea a d Mesoa e i a Ci ilizatio s.
ABB‘EVIATION“ LANGUAGE“
ACH
A hu a i
GK
AKA
Akateko
GLL
AMG
A uzgo
GM
G eate Ma ea
AT)
Atepe )apote
GQ
Chujea -Qa jo al-Kotoke
AWA
A akateko
GTz
UK+PQ
AWP
A a Pit
HTI
Hoti
AYM
“. B. A autla Mazate
HUM
Huautla de Ji e ez Mazate
BTO
Betoi
HV“
Ha asupai
CH
Chi hi e o
I
I ila
CHL
Ch’ol
I“)
Isth us )apote
CHO
Cho ho
IXL
I il
CH‘
Cho ti
JCK
Ji a ue
CHT
Ch’olti
JDM
Jalapa de Díaz Mazate
CM
Ce t al Ma a
JU)
Jua ez )apote
CM‘
Chi a iko
KAK
Ca aope a
CO)
Coatla )apote
KAQ
Ka hikeel
CPN
Chiapa e
KCH
K’i he’
CQM
“. J. Chi uihuitla Mazate
KKP
Kokopa
C‘T
Cho ote
KLW
Kili a
CTL-H
Highla d Cho tal
KMK
Co e udo
CTL-L
Lo la d Cho tal
Kp
K’i he’a P ope
CU)
Cuitla )apote
K‘G
Ko eguaje
DGÑ
Diegueño
LKA-H
Ho du a Le ka
EM
Easte
LKA-“
“al ado ea Le ka
ETKN
P oto-Easte -Tu a oa
LL
Lo la d Ma a
GBN
Gua
LOM
“. L. Cuau e uiltitla Mazate
Ma a
ia o
WM+EM
GM+GK
7
G eate K’i he’a
UK+PQ
Yu+G eate Tzeltala
I+Mp
Yu+Chola
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
MAK
Maku a
PMT)
P oto-Matlazi a
MAM
Ma e
PM)T
P oto-Mazate a
MA)
Mazahua
POM-C
Ce t al Po o
MCH
Mo ho
POM-N
No the
MHV
Moha e
POM-NE
No theaste
MH)
Miahuatla )apote
POM-“
“outhe
MI)
Mitla )apote
POM-“E
“outheaste
Po o
MKO
Mako
POM-“W
“outh este
Po o
MKT
Miskitu
POP
Popti
MOP
Mopa
POTP
P oto-Otopa ea
M‘K
Ma ikopa
PPLH
P oto-Palaih iha
MTG
Matagalpa
PPOM
P oto-Po oa
MT)
Matlatzi a
PPPL
P oto-Popolo a
M)M
Mazatla de Flo es Mazate
PPYUM
P oto-P oto-Yu a
N.EB‘
No the
E
PQM
Po o a
NP
No the
Pa e
P“BK
P oto-“outhe -Ba a oa
NPO
No the
Popolo a
P“LB
P oto-“ali a
OCU
O uilte
PTKN
P oto-Tu a oa
OC)
O otla )apote
PTLJ
P oto-Tol-Ji a ue
O‘E
O ejo
PYUM
P oto-Yu a
OTM
Oto i
P)PT
P oto-)apote a
PBBK
P oto-Ba a oa
QAN
Q’a jo ’al
P“BK
P oto-“outhe -Ba a oa
QEQ
Q’e hi’
PCH
Po o
‘C)
‘i
pCh
P oto-Ch’ola
“.EB‘
“outhe
PCHK
P oto-Cho oa
“AK
“akapulteko
PCNT
P oto-Chi a te a
“BT
“u tia a
PCPN
P oto-Chiapa e a
“B)
“. B. Chi hi apa
PCTL
P oto-Cho tal Hoka
“C)
“. J. Coate as )apote
PCTN
P oto-Chati o
“DM
“to. D. del ‘ío Mazate
PEB‘
P oto-E
ea
“EK
“e o a
PHue
Huehuete a go GQ+GM
“HT
“hasta
PIA
Pia oa
“IO
“io a
PKOK
P oto-Co o u a
“LB
“ali a
PLKA
P oto-Le ka
“LN
“ali a
pM
P oto-Ma a
“MU
“u u
PM“M
P oto-Misu alpa
“OM
“. M. “o oltepe Mazate
PMTK
P oto-Mi te a
“P
“outhe
ea
hii’
Po o
Po o
Po o
)apote
E
ea
Pa e
)apote
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
“‘I
“e i
UK
Uspa teko-K’i he’a
“Y)
“a Pa lo Yaga iza )apote
ULW
Ul a
TEK
Teko
U“P
Uspa teko
TFK
Tsafi ui
VA)
Villa Alta )apote
TKN
Tuka o
WA“
Wasteko
TOJ
Tojol’a ’al
WLP
Walapai
TPI
Tipai
WM
Weste
TPN
Tlapa e
WNN
Wau a a
TT‘
Toto o
WTKN
P oto-Weste -Tu a oa
TU)
Tuza teko
YA)
Yatza hi )apote
T)E
Tzeltal
YMA
Yu a
T)O
Tzotzil
YNA
Ya a
T)U
tz’utujiil
Yu
P oto-Yukateka
TWK
Tla ika
YVP
Ya apai
Ma a
GTz+GQ
ABB‘EVIATION“ LINGUI“TIC NOTATION
Fi st pe so
“e o d pe so
Thi d pe so
ANP A tipassi e
CLF
Classifie
E
E lusi e
IN“T‘ I st u e tal
LOC Lo ati e
NM)
P
P‘E“
P“T
‘EAL
“
“UB
No i alize
Plu al
P ese t te se
Past
‘ealis
“i gula
“u je t
BIBLIOG‘APHY
ALDENDE‘FE‘, M.; C‘AIG, N. M.; “PEAKMAN, ‘. J.; POPELKA-FILCOFF, ‘.
. Fou thousa d- ea -old gold a tifa ts f o the Lake Titi a a asi , southe Pe u. PNAS,
:
–
.
ANAWALT, P. ‘.
. A ie t Cultu al Co ta ts et ee E uado , West Me i o, a d the
A e i a “outh est: Clothi g “i ila ities. Lati A e i a A ti uit , . :
.
A‘GUEDA“ CO‘TÉ“, G. ‘.
. Los Fo e as “eg e tales del P otole a: ‘e o st u i
Co pa ati a. Filología li güísti a, XIV: .
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
BA‘THOLOMEW, D. A.
. The e o st u tio of Otopa ea
of Chi ago. PhD disse tatio .
BAUE‘N“CHMIDT, A.; “ãNCHE) FLO‘E“, I.; GA‘CÍA, M. B.
tlapa e o de Mali altepe . Ma us ipt.
Me i o . Chi ago: U i e sit
7 . Pe ueño o a ula io del
BEAM DE A)CONA, ‘. G.
. A Coatlá -Lo i ha )apote g a
U i e sit of Califo ia. PhD disse tatio .
BENITO, A. A. ET ALII
Pape s, .
BOUDA, K.
. Vo a ula io ási o e
a
Me i o . Be kele :
eꞌphaa. SIL-Me i o Ele t o i Wo ki g
7 . Tlapa ek u d “u tia a. U al-Altais he Jah ü he , 7:
-
.
B‘OCKWAY, E.; B‘OCKWAY, T. H.; “ANTO“ VALDÉ“, L.
. Di io a io Náhuatl del o te
del estado de Pue la Se ie de o a ula ios di io a ios i díge as Ma ia o Sil a A e es,
. Co oa á : I stituto Li güísti o de Ve a o.
B‘OWMAN, D. L.
7 . T ade Patte s i the Ce t al Highla ds of Pe u i
Mille iu BC. Wo ld A haeolog ,
:
–
.
the Fi st
B‘OWN, C. H.
. Paleo ioli guisti s of Ne Wo ld ops a d the Oto a guea la guage
fa il . Eth o iolog Lette s,
:
–
.
B‘OWN, D. F. M.
Wa gki A ala .
B‘UHN“, K. O.
. Di io a io Español-Miskito / Miskito-Español. Waspa , ‘ío Co o
. A ie t South A e i a. Ca
idge: Ca
idge U i e sit P ess.
CALLAGHAN, ‘. T.
. P ehisto i t ade et ee E uado a d West Me i o: a o pute
si ulatio of oastal o ages. A ti uit , 77
:7 –
.
CAMPBELL, E.
. The i te al di e sifi atio a d su g oupi g of Chati o. I te atio al
Jou al of A e i a Li guisti s, 7
:
.
_________
7 . Oto a guea histo i al li guisti s: Past, p ese t, a d p ospe ts fo the
futu e. EW Ca p ell. La guage a d Li guisti s Co pass,
:e
.
CAMPBELL, L.
_________
7 a . Ca aope a. A th opologi al Li guisti s, 7:
7
. “u tia a
-
.
7 . I te atio al Jou al of A e i a Li guisti s,
_________
. El Idio a Ca aope a Cole ió A t opología e Histo ia,
Mi iste io de Edu a i , Di e i de pu li a io es.
_________
. Dista t Ge eti
A th opologi al Li guisti s, : - .
_________; OLT‘OGGE, D.
Li guisti s, :
.
:
-
.
. “a “al ado :
‘elatio ship a d the Ma a-Chipa a H pothesis.
. P oto-Tol Ji a ue . I te atio al Jou al of A e i a
7
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
CAPEN, C. J.
. Di io a io Mazate o de Chi uihuitlá , Oa a a Se ie de o a ula ios
di io a ios i díge as "Ma ia o Sil a A e es",
Tu so : I stituto Li güísti o de Ve a o.
CA“TEX, A. D.
. Jagua Ma ifestatio i Mesoa e i a a d Pe u. “a F a is o: “a
F a is o “tate U i e sit . Maste ’s Thesis.
CA)E“, D. 77 . Mate iales Li güísti os pa a la e o st u i
Me o Otopa e . A e i dia, :7 .
de la Cultu a Hña-Ma lasi a–
CIDCA; ULCK; CODIUL/UYUTMUBAL
. Di io a io ele e tal del ul a su u e idio al .
Ma agua: CIDCA; Ca
idge: LPCC“/MIT.
CLA“BY, ‘. P.
. E plo i g Lo g Te Cultu al De elop e ts a d I te egio al I te a tio
i the Easte Slopes of the A des: A Case stud f o the site of Hua u o, Jaé Regio , Pe u.
Ne Ha e : Yale U i e sit . PhD disse tatio .
CLINE, K.
. The to e s ste
Dakota. Maste ’s Thesis.
of A atepe Me'paa. G a d Fo ks: U i e sit of No th
CON“TENLA-UMAÑA, A.
7 . Ele e tos de fo ología o pa ada de las le guas
isu alpas. Re ista de Filología Li güísti a de la U i e sidad de Costa Ri a, :
.
_________
. A e a de la ela i ge eal gi a de las le guas le as las le guas
isu alpas. Re ista de Filología Li güísti a de la U i e sidad de Costa Ri a, :
.
_________
. ¿E iste ela i
ge eal gi a e t e las le guas
hi he ses? Estudios de Li güísti a Chi ha, :7- .
_________; PEÑA, E. M.
li güísti a, 7: 7.
las
Ele e tos de fo ología o pa ada Cho . Filología
COU‘O, T.; HUTCHE“ON, C.
Museu P ess.
7 . Di tio a
C‘AWFO‘D, J. M.
. Co opa di tio a
Be kele : U i . of Califo ia P ess.
CUBILLO“, J. C.
la ‘epú li a.
isu alpas
of Mesa G a de Diegueño. Ba
i g: Malki
U i e sit of Califo ia pu li atio s i li guisti s,
. A ueología de Sa Agustí . Alto del Pu utal. Bogotá: FIAN, Ba o de
DEBOE‘, W.
. Ce a i Asse lage Va ia ilit i the Fo ati e of E uado a d Pe u. I
J. “ ott ‘a o d & ‘. L. Bu ge eds , A haeolog of Fo ati e E uado ,
.
Washi gto : Du a to Oaks ‘esea h Li a a d Colle tio .
DEL ‘ÍO U‘‘UTIA, X.
XXX:
.
. El le a de Chila ga: L i o. Re ista de Filología
Li güísti a,
DILLEHAY, T. D.
7 . Co ti uit , Cha ge, a d the Co st u tio of the Ea l “a ga o
“o iet . I : T. D. Dilleha ed. , Whe e the La d Meets the Sea: ,
Yea s of Hua
Histo
o the No th Coast of Pe u, 7. Austi : U i e sit of Te as P ess.
7
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
EA‘L, ‘.; “HEFFLE‘ DE EA‘L, C.
Li güísti o de Ve a o.
. Di io a io )apote o del Ri ó . Me i o: I stituto
E“CALANTE, ‘.
. El Cuitlate o Pu li a io es / I stituto Na io al de A t opología,
M i o: I stituto Na io al de A t opología e Histo ia.
.
E“CALE‘A U‘EÑA, A. A.; BA‘‘IU“O PE‘E). M. A.
7 . Estudio Cie tifi o de los O jetos de
Metal de I gapi a E uado . Re ista Española de A t opologia A e i a a, : - .
E“T‘ADA ‘AMI‘E), H.
Bogota: Col ultu a.
. La Le gua Sali a. Clases o i ales siste a de o o da ia.
EVAN“, C. & MEGGA‘“ B. J.
. Mesoa e i a a d E uado . I G. F. Ekhol & G. ‘. Wille
eds. , A haeologi al F o tie s a d E te al Co e tio s Ha d ook of Middle A e i a
I dia s, Vol. ,
. Austi : U i e sit of Te as P ess.
FEI“T, T.; PALANCA‘, E. L.
“u e .
http://d .doi.o g/
a guea .su e .a .uk>
. Oto-Ma guea I fle tio al Class Data ase. U i e sit of
.
/“MG. / .
A aila le
at:
<http://
.oto-
FE‘NãNDE) DE MI‘ANDA, M. T.
. El p otozapote o. Me i o D.F.: El Colegio de M i o
a d I stituto Na io al de A t opología e Histo ia.
FO‘D, J. A.
. A Co pa iso of Fo ati e Cultu es i the A e i as: Diffusio o the
Ps hi U it of Ma ? S ithso ia Co t i utio s to A th opolog ,
. Washi gto D.C.
F‘IEDEMAN, N. “. DE; A‘OCHA, J.
Vale ia Edito es.
GAT“CHET, A. “.
Pea od Museu .
. He ede os del Jagua
la A a o da. Bogotá: Ca los
. The Ka a ka a I dia s: The Coast People of Te as. Ca
idge:
_________; “WANTON, J. ‘.
. Di tio a of the Atakapa La guage A o pa ied Te t
Mate ial. Bu eau of A e i a Eth olog Bulleti ,
. Washi gto : “ ithso ia I stitutio .
GON)ãLE“ CA“TAÑO, G.; MONTENEG‘O, E. D.; ‘OJA“ CU‘IEUX, T.
a t ik de Toto ó.
. Le i o de la le gua
G‘OVE, D. C.
. The Fo ati e Pe iod a d the E olutio of Co ple Cultu e. I J. A.
“a loff edito , A haeolog Supple e t to the Ha d ook of Middle A e i a I dia s, ol.
, 7 . Austi : U i e sit of Te as P ess.
_________
. The Mesoa e i a Fo ati e a d “outh A e i a. I J. G. Ma os & P.
No to edito s , P i e si posio de o ela io es a t opologi as a di o- esoa e i a o,
7 - 7. Gua a uil: Es uela “upe io Polite i a del Lito al.
GU‘“KY, K.
7 . De Hoka-“p a hsta
Be eis ate ials. O is, : 7 .
: ei e Besta dsauf ah e des le ikalis he
7
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
_________
. De Hoka-Sp a hsta
A eitsge ei s haft, Heft
.
: Na ht ag I A ha dlu ge de Völke ku dli he
_________
. De Hoka-Sp a hsta
A eitsge ei s haft, Heft
.
: Na ht ag II A ha dlu ge de Völke ku dli he
_________
. De Hoka-Sp a hsta
A eitsge ei s haft, Heft
.
: Na ht ag II A ha dlu ge de Völke ku dli he
HAA“, M. ‘.
. Tu i a di tio a U i e sit of Califo ia Pu li atio s i Li guisti s, . .
Be kele : U i e sit of Califo ia P ess.
HAMP, E. P.
. To a d the efi e e t of Chiapa e -Ma gue o pa ati e pho olog . I
A tas Me o ias, 7. M i o D.F.: I stituto Na io al de A t opología e Histo ia.
HA“LE‘, J. A.
. ‘e o st u io es Matlatzi a-O uilte as. A ales del I stituto Na io al
de A t opología e Histo ia, XIII:
- 7 .
HEND‘ICH“ PÉ‘E), P. ‘.
. U estudio p eli i a so e la le gua uitlate a de “a Miguel
Totolapa . El Mé i o A tiguo, :
.
HE‘‘AN) HE‘‘AN), A.
7 . El le a de Ho du as, u a le gua
Re ista del Ce t o de i estiga io es egio ales de Mesoa é i a,
o i u da. Mesoa é i a:
:
.
HILTON, K. “.
. Di io a io ta ahu a a de Sa a hi ue, Chihuahua, Me i o. Tu so :
I stituto Li güísti o de Ve a o.
HOIJE‘, H.
. A a al ti al di tio a of the To ka a la guage U i e sit of Califo ia
pu li atio s i li guisti s, . . Be kele : U i e sit of Califo ia P ess.
HO“LE‘, D. H.
. A ie t West Me i a Metallu g : “outh a d Ce t al A e i a O igi s
a d West Me i a T a sfo atio s. A e i a A th opologist, :
.
_________
. “ou d, olo a d ea i g i the etallu g of A ie t West Me i o. Wo ld
A haeolog , 7:
.
_________; LECHTMAN, H.; HOLM, O.
. A e-Mo ies a d Thei Relati es Studies i P eColu ia A t a d A haeolog ,
. Washi gto , D.C: Du a to Oaks.
HUBE‘, ‘. Q.; ‘EED, ‘. B.
. Vo a ula io Co pa ati o: Pala as Sele tas de Le guas
I díge as de Colo ia. “a taf de Bogotá: ILV.
JAKE), F.
. Ge iadu a t ik pe g a iaeg - Di io a io a t ik o gua ia o.
A aila le at: <https://issuu. o /fulup/do s/ge iadu _isto el_stu
_e a et_ . >
JANU“EK, J. W.
. The Cha gi g "Natu e" of Ti a aku ‘eligio a d the ‘ise of a A dea
“tate. Wo ld A haeolog ,
:
- .
JOLKE“KY, M.
. Estudo a ueo-e oli guísti o das te as t opi ais sul-a e i a as.
B asília: U i e sidade de B asília. PhD disse tatio .
7
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
_________
7a . Le i al pa allels et ee Hoka a d Le a. Ma us ipt. A aila le at:
<https://
.a ade ia.edu/
_________
at: <https://
7 />
7 . Le i al pa allels et ee Hoka a d Misu alpa . Ma us ipt. A aila le
.a ade ia.edu/
/>
_________
7 . Oto a guea Wo ds i No th este South A e i a La guages.
‘esea h talk p ese ted at LUCL, Leide U i e sit . E‘C P oje t: The Li guisti Past of
Mesoa e i a a d the A des . Leide , The Nethe la ds. Fe ua
,
7. “lides a aila le at:
<http://
.a ade ia.edu/
JO““E‘AND, J. K.
/>
. Mi te Diale t Histo . Tula e U i e sit . PhD disse tatio .
KAN, M.; MEIGHAN C.; NICHOL“ON, H. B.
. S ulptu e of A ie t West Me i o: Na a it,
Jalis o, Coli a. Los A geles: Los A geles Cou t Museu of A t.
KAUFMAN, T.
. A ‘esea h P og a fo ‘e o st u ti g P oto-Hoka : Fi st G opi gs. I :
“. DeLa e ed. , Pape s f o the
Hoka –Pe utia La guages Wo kshop U i e sit of
O ego Pape s i Li guisti s. Pu li atio s of the Ce te fo A e i dia Li guisti s a d
Eth og aph , , –
. Euge e: Depa t e t of Li guisti s, U i e sit of O ego .
_________
Li guisti s
. Oto-Ma gea La guages. I : K. B o
d ed. , Vol. ,
–
.
ed. , E
lopedia of La guage &
_________
. Ea l Oto-Ma guea ho ela ds a d ultu es: so e p e atu e
h potheses. I stitute fo Mesoa e i a “tudies, Al a U i e sit , “tate U i e sit of Ne
Yo k. Ma us ipt. A aila le at: <http://
.al a .edu/i s/PDLMA_pu li atio s_ e .ht l>
_________
a . P oto-Sapotek a Re o st u tio s. I stitute fo Mesaoa e i a “tudies,
U i e sit at Al a , “tate U i e sit of Ne
Yo k. Ma us ipt. A aila le at:
<http://
.al a .edu/i s/PDLMA_pu li atio s_ e .ht l>
_________
. Tlapa eko-Sutia a, Oto a gea , a d Hoka : he e G ee e g e t
o g. I stitute fo Mesoa e i a “tudies, U i e sit at Al a , “tate U i e sit of Ne Yo k.
Ma us ipt. A aila le at: <http://
.al a .edu/i s/PDLMA_pu li atio s_ e .ht l>
_________; JU“TE“ON, J. “.
<http://
.fa si.o g/ epo ts/
. A p eli i a Ma a et
/p ed.pdf>.
ologi al di tio a . A aila le at:
KEY, M. ‘.; COM‘IE, B. ED“.
. The I te o ti e tal Di tio a Se ies. Leipzig: Ma
Pla k I stitute fo E olutio a A th opolog . A aila le at <http://ids. lld.o g>
KI‘K, P. L.
disse tatio .
. P oto-Mazate
pho olog . “eattle: U i e sit
of Washi gto . PhD
KO‘PI“AA‘I, A.; PÄ‘““INEN, M.
. Pa iti: The Ce e o ial Ti a aku Potte of a Isla d
i Lake Titi a a. Hu a io a A ales A ade iae S ie tia u Fe i ae,
. Helsi ki: Fi ish
A ade of “ ie e a d Lette s Hu a io a.
7
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
KUBLE‘, G.
. The A t a d A hite tu e of A ie t A e i a. The Me i a Ma a a d the
A dea Peoples. Ne Yo k: Pe gui Books.
LATH‘AP, D. W.
. ‘elatio ships Bet ee Mesoa e i a a d the A dea A ea. I ‘.
Wau hope ed. , Ha d ook of Middle A e i a I dia s, ol. . Austi : U i e sit of Te as
P ess.
_________
7 A ie t E uado : Cultu e, Cla a d C eati it
of Natu al Histo , Chi ago.
-
BC. Field Museu
LONGAC‘E, ‘. E.; MILLON, ‘.
. P oto-Mi te a a d P oto-A uzgo-Mi te a
o a ula ies: a p eli i a ultu al a al sis. A th opologi al Li guisti s, : - .
MA‘CO“, J. G.
77/7 . C uisi g to A apul o a d Ba k ith the Tho
O ste set: a odel
fo a li eal e ha ge s ste . Jou al of the Ste a d A th opologi al So iet ,
: .
MA‘LETT, “. A.
7 . Las ela io es e t e las le guas hoka as e M i o: ¿Cuál es la
e ide ia? I C. Bue ost o et alii eds. , Me o ias del III Colo uio I te a io al de Li güísti a
Mau i io S adesh,
. Me i o: U i e sidad Na io al Aut o a de M i o & I stituto
Na io al de Le guas I díge as.
MA“ON, J. A.
. The La guage of the Sali a I dia s. U i e sit of Califo ia Pu li atio s
i A e i a A haeolog a d Eth olog , . . Be kele a d Los A geles: U i e sit of
Califo ia P ess.
MCINTO“H, J. B.; G‘IME“, J. E.
. Niu ui 'I uisi a a i Vo a ula io hui hol- astella o
astella o-hui hol . Me i o: I stituto Li güísti o de Ve a o.
MCLENDON, “.
7 . P oto Po o. U i e sit of Califo ia pu li atio s i li guisti s,
Be kele : U i . of Califo ia P ess.
MEIGHAN, C. W.
Cultu al “i ila ities Bet ee Weste Me i o a d A dea ‘egio s.
I J. C. Kelle & C. L. ‘ile edito s , P e-Colu ia Co ta t Withi Nu lea A e i a
Mesoa e i a Studies, , - . Ca o dale: U i e sit Museu , “outhe Illi ois U i e sit .
MIXCO, M. J.
7 . Co hi í a d P oto-Yu a : le i al a d s ta ti e ide e fo a e
la guage fa il i Lo e Califo ia. A th opologi al Pape s / U i e sit of Utah,
. “alt
Lake Cit : U i e sit of Utah P ess.
MOH‘ CHãVE), K. L.
77 . Ma a alle: The Ce a i s f o a Ea l Ho izo Site i the Valle
of Cuz o, Pe u, a d I pli atio s fo South Highla d So ioe o o i I te a tio . Philadelphia:
U i e sit of Pe s l a ia. PhD disse tatio .
_________
. : 7- .
. The “ig ifi a e of Chi ipa i Lake Titi a a Basi De elop e ts. E peditio ,
MO“E‘, M. B.; MA‘LETT, “. A.
. Di io a io se i - español - i glés:
iito - a i áa a iito . He osillo: Ed. U i“o .
7
ii ue iito - o sa
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
MUN‘O, P.; B‘OWN, N.; C‘AWFO‘D, J. G.
. A Moja e di tio a UCLA o asio al
pape s i li guisti s,
. Los A geles: Li guisti s Depa t e t, U i e sit of Califo ia.
_________; LOPE), F. H.
. Di io a io )apote o de Sa Lu as Quia i í: Sa Lu as
Quia i í )apote Di tio a . Los A geles: UCLA Chi ago “tudies ‘esea h Ce te .
MUNT)EL, M. C.
disse tatio .
. The St u tu e of O uilte o. Al a : “tate U i e sit of Ne Yo k. PhD
O'CONNO‘, L.
. Lat a gi - E glish - Español: A t ili gual di tio a of Lo la d Cho tal
of Oa a a. La guages of the Wo ld/Di tio a ies,
. Mü he : LINCOM.
OL“ON, ‘. D.
. Ma a Affi ities ith Chipa a of Boli ia I: Co espo de es.
I te atio al Jou al of A e i a Li guisti s, :
.
_________
. Ma a Affi ities ith Chipa a of Boli ia II: Cog ates. I te atio al Jou al
of A e i a Li guisti s, : - .
PICKETT, V. B.
7 . Vo a ula io zapote o del Ist o: español-zapote o zapote o-español.
Me i o: I stituto Li güísti o de Ve a o.
PINA CHAN, ‘.
. The Ol e : Mothe Cultu e of Mesoa e i a. Ne Yo k: ‘izzoli.
QUI‘Ó“ ‘OD‘ÍGUE), J. “.
. Di io a io español- ho otega, ho otega-español. “a Jos :
Edito ial de la U i e sidad de Costa ‘i a.
‘EICHEL-DOLMATOFF, G.
7 . El ha á
el jagua . M i o: “iglo XXI.
‘EN“CH, C. ‘.
. Co pa ati e Oto a guea pho olog . Philadelphia: U i e sit of
Pe s l a ia. PhD disse tatio .
_________
. A et ologi al di tio a of the Chi a te la guages: Studies i
Chi a te la guages Su
e I stitute of Li guisti s a d the U i e sit of Te as at A li gto
Pu li atio s i Li guisti s,
. Dallas.
‘EX GON)ãLE), A.
. La a ueología del No oeste a ge ti o las ultu as Fo ati as de
la ue a del Titi a a. Rela io es de la So iedad A ge ti a de A t opología, :7- .
‘INGE, D.
7 :
. Ho ha d is it to
.
at h CVC- oots? T a sa tio s of the Philologi al So iet ,
‘UEG“EGGE‘, M.; ‘UEG“EGGE‘, J.
. Vo a ula io zapote o del diale to de Miahuatlá
del Estado de Oa a a. Me i o: I stituto Li güísti o de Ve a o.
“API‘, E.; “WADE“H, M.
. Ya a Di tio a
U i e sit of Califo ia Pu li atio s i
Li guisti s,
. Be kele a d Los A geles: U i e sit of Califo ia P ess.
“AWYE‘, J. O.
. E glish-Wappo o a ula . U i e sit of Califo ia pu li atio s i
li guisti s,
. Be kele : U i e sit of Califo ia P ess.
7
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
_________; “CHLICHTE‘, M. A.
. Yuki Vo a ula . U i e sit of Califo ia Pu li atio s
i Li guisti s,
. Be kele a d Los A geles: U i e sit of Califo ia P ess.
“CHLICHTE‘, M. A.
disse tatio .
. The Yukia La guage Fa il . Be kele : U i e sit of Califo ia. PhD
“HADY, ‘.
7 . T adi i
Re ista A di a, : 7- 7.
a
io e las so iedades fo
ati as de Bagua, A azo as, Pe ú.
_________
. “o iedades fo ati as de Bagua-Ja
sus ela io es A di as
A az i as. I P. Lede ge e -C espo ed. , Fo ati o Suda e i a o: U a e alua ió ,
. Quito: A a-Yala.
“HATE‘IAN, A. W.
. Pho olog a d Di tio a
Califo ia. PhD disse tatio .
“LOCUM, M. C.
of Ya apai. Be kele : U i e sit of
. G a áti a paez. Lo ali da: I stituto Li güísti o de Ve a o.
“TALLE‘, J. E.
. Geologi al a d A haeologi al E ide e of El Niño E e ts alo g the Coast
of El O o P o i e E uado : E a atio s at La E e e ia a a Late Valdi ia a.
B.C.
Ce e o ial Ce te . J Bio e ed Biodeg, :
. doi: . 7 /
.
“TA‘K, L. ‘.
disse tatio .
. Ma a Affi ities ith Yu ga of Pe u. Ne Yo k: Ne Yo k U i e sit . PhD
“Uã‘E), J. A.
. Tlapa e o de Mali altepe . A hi o de Le guas I díge as de Mé i o,
. M i o: El Col gio de M i o.
“WADE“H, M.
. Chiti a ha-E glish Di tio a . Ma us ipt.
“WANTON, J. ‘.
. Co e udo-E glish o a ula e o ded Al e t “. Gats het i
.
I J. ‘. “ a to , Li guisti Mate ial f o the t i es of Southe Te as a d No theaste
Me i o, . Washi gto : Go e
e t P i ti g Offi e.
“YBCY; “YCEC; APPLEGATE, ‘. B.
. Sa ala-E glish Di tio a . A Guide to the Sa ala
La guage of the I eseño Chu ash People. “a ta Y ez Ba d of Chu ash I dia s.
TELLO, J. C.
. Dis o e
of the Cha i
ultu e i Pe u. A e i a A ti uit , :
-
.
TU‘NE‘, P.; TU‘NE‘, “.
7 . Cho tal to Spa ish-E glish Spa ish to Cho tal Di tio a .
Tu so : The U i e sit of A izo a P ess.
UHLE, M.
. I flue ias Ma as e el Alto E uado . Boleti de la A ade ia Na io al de
Histo ia Quito ,
- :
.
_________
. Ci iliza io es Ma oides de la Costa Pa ifi a de “uda e i a. Boleti de la
A ade ia Na io al de Histo ia Quito , : 7- .
77
August
Ma elo Jolkesk
VAN TUYL, CH.
7 . The Nat hez: A otated t a slatio s f o A toi e Si o le Page du
P atz's Histoi e de la Louisia e a d A Sho t E glish-Nat hez Di tio a Se ies i a th opolog ,
. Oklaho a: Oklaho a Histo i al “o iet .
VEN)KE, E. ed.
. Vol a oes of the Wo ld
at: <http:// ol a o.si.edu>
VON HOUWALD, G.
Edu a i .
WA‘E“, A. C.
WEITLANE‘, ‘. J.
. . . . “ ithso ia I stitutio . A aila le
. Di io a io Español-Su o Su o-Español. Ma agua: Mi iste io de
. A o pa ati e stud of Yu a
o so a tis . The Hague: Mouto .
. Notes o the Cuitlate la guage. El Mé i o A tiguo, :
- 7 .
WICHMANN, “.
. The Relatio ship a o g the Mi e-)o uea La guages of Me i o
Studies i the I dige ous La guages of the A e i as . “alt Lake Cit : U i e sit of Utah P ess.
_________
. A Ch'o ti' o phologi al sket h. A e i a I dia La guages a d Cultu es,
Depa t e t of Histo of ‘eligio s, U i e sit of Cope hage .
WILLEY, G. ‘.
7 . South A e i a A I t odu tio to A e i a A haeolog , Vol.
E gle ood Cliffs: P e ti e-Hall.
7
.