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LEIDEN UNIVE‘“ITY CENT‘E FO‘ LINGUI“TIC“ LUCL LEIDEN UNIVE‘“ITY ON THE “OUTH AME‘ICAN O‘IGIN“ OF “OME ME“OAME‘ICAN CIVILI)ATION“ Ma elo Jolkesk a jolkesk @g ail. o PO“TDOCTO‘AL FINAL ‘EPO‘T FO‘ THE ME“ANDLIN G K P‘OJECT P‘OJECT ID: 5 FUNDED UNDE‘: FP -IDEA“-E‘C ADVI“O‘: WILLEM ADELAA‘ Leide 7 To Je s u s Th an ks fo r Yo u r gu id an ce A st a t: I this pape , I p ese t i po ta t i te dis ipli a Mesoa e i a populatio s e ide es that t o of the ai a ha e o igi ated i “outh A e i a, a el the fo efathe s of the so alled Oto a guea s a d of the P oto-Ma a s. Those e ide e poi t to the p o a ilit that the Ho ela ds of the Oto a guea s’ fo efathe s a d of the P oto-Ma a s’ fo efathe s ee espe ti el Weste Oto a guea li guisti o o Colo ia a d the No th-Ce t al Pe u ia Coast. The e tio s ith “outh A e i a ill e dealt i § . Possi le li guisti e tio s elated to the Ka do is, Ku zas a d Mosete s – as ell as those elated to the Le a s a d Misu alpa s – ill e dealt i § . Fi all , usi g the a haeoe oli guisti pe spe ti e, a i te dis ipli a dis ussio li ki g the afo e e tio ed li guisti o e tio s to a haeologi al a d li atologi al data a d a Pa o a a of so e possi le p ehisto i populatio o e e ts i the Mesoa e i a-A des A is a e offe ed i § - . ‘esu o: Neste a tigo, ap ese to i po ta tes e id p i ipais populaç es esoa e i a as te ia ias i te dis ipli a es de ue duas das se o igi a a a A a tepassados dos ha ados oto a guea os e dos P oto- aias. Tais e id pa a a p o a ilidade da te a espe ti a e te a Col ia o ide tal e a osta o te- e t al do Pe u. As o e es das lí guas oto a guea as o a A i a do “ul se ão t atadas § . Possí eis o e es li guísti as ela io adas aos ka do is, ku zas e o o a uelas ela io adas aos le as e isu alpas – se ão t atadas e at a s da pe spe ti a a ueo-e oli güísti a, u a dis ussão i te dis ipli a o e es li guísti as a dados a ueol gi os e li atol gi os, assi algu s possí eis ofe e idos e o ou o i e tos popula io ais p -hist i os o Ei o Mesoa § - . ias apo ta atal dos a tepassados dos ditos oto a guea os e dos a tepassados dos P oto- aias se e e i a do “ul: os osete s – e § . Fi al e te, ue asso ia tais pa o a a de i a-A des são August Ma elo Jolkesk . INT‘ODUCTION The follo i g pape p ese ts the esults of the esea h do e a d Ma h e et ee August 7 u de the Mesa dli g k p oje t, a.k.a. The Li guisti Past of Mesoa e i a a d the A des: a sea h fo ea l ig ato elatio s et ee No th a d “outh A ei a . The esea h goal as, i the oad se se, to esta lish i a o pa iso s et ee the P oto la guages of eth oli guisti g oups lo ated i the Mesoa e i a-A des A is, i o de to i p o e the u de sta di g of la guage o ta t a d li guisti dispe sal i the A e i as du i g P ehisto . I the st i t se se, Wille Adelaa asked e to o t i ute to su h app oa h fo usi g o fi di g possi le li guisti o e tio s spe ifi all elated i to the Oto a guea sto k, a d ii to so e of the isolate la guages a d s all la guage fa ilies i the Mesoa e i a – A des A is. As fo the se o d goal of Adelaa e o e ded tho oughl add essed postdo to al esea h, Wille e to fo us o isolate la guages a d s all la guage fa ilies ot et othe p oje t a d the isolate la guages f o e e s, su h as the follo i gs: Le a , Misu alpa Boli ia. B doi g this so e p e iousl u told o e tio s et ee Mesoa e i a a d “outh A e i a e e su essfull dete ted. Befo e goi g i to the esults I’ll sta ti g poi t of iefl p ese t the esea h ethods used e. The esea h as to upg ade the “outh A e i a La guages Le i al Data ase hi h I ha e uilt du i g PhD Jolkesk . The upg ade efe s to the uildi g up of This esea h as a ied out u de the di e t supe isio of P ofesso Wille Adelaa , ho I ea estl tha k fo the i itatio a d oppo tu it . I’ also tha kful to the E‘C fo fu di g e a d to the Leide U i e sit fo all the gi e suppo t du i g the o ths pe iod of Postdo to al “ hola ship. Fo o e i fo atio a out the ethodolog used e, see Jolkesk : - . All the efe e es used e du i g o pilatio of the “outh A e i a La guages Le i al Data ase a e detailed i Jolkesk :7 7 . The follo i g a haeoe oli guisti otatio s used ei PhD Disse tatio a e adopted i this pape : fo a X X=la guage/eth oli guisti g oup], i p e-P oto-X is used he the e is o ge ealogi al o ti uit et ee p e-P oto-X a d P oto-X a d the glottoge esis/eth oge esis of P oto-X as i flue ed a p e-P otoX la guage/eth oli guisti g oup th ough o ta t i this p o ess P oto-X as left ith a p e-P oto-X li guisti / ultu al su st ate, ea i g that: a if X is a la guage, p e-P oto-X is dia h o i all the su st ate la guage of the P oto-X la guage; if X is a eth i g oup, the p e-P oto-Xs e e the ea e s of a p ee iste t ultu e that i flue ed the ultu oge esis of the P oto-Xs ; ii P oto-P oto-X is used to de ote that the e is a di e t ge ealogi al o ti uit et ee the la guages/eth oli guisti g oups it ea s that P oto-X is the di e t des e da t of P oto-P oto-X i a a o eal li eage th ough pu e ge eti he itage: a if X is a la guage, P otoP oto-X is dia h o i all the a ie t fo of the P oto-X la guage; if X is a eth i g oup, the P oto-P oto-Xs e e the fo efathe s of the P oto-Xs . August Ma elo Jolkesk the A e i a La guages Le i al Data ase ALLD Mesoa e i a i ludi g le i al data f o No th- a d P oto -la guages ele a t to this esea h. The added la guage g oups a d thei data sou es a e the follo i gs: • Oto a guea sto k: P oto-Mi te a P oto- )apote a Lopez Fe á dez de Mi a da ; Pi kett Tlapa e a ; Bea 7; Ea l & “heffle de Ea l a , P oto-Mazate a Ba tholo e Lo ga e & Millo Ki k ; Cazes ; Cape ; Mu o & ; Ca p ell ; Kauf a , P oto-Otopa ea Hasle 77 , P oto-Chi a te a ; Cli e , de Az o a ‘e h Baue s h idt, “á hez Flo es & Ga ía 7 ; “uá ez ; Josse a d a d Ma guea , “u tia a- 7 ; Bouda Ha p ; 7 ; Ca p ell ; Qui s ‘od íguez ; • Hoka sto k Gu sk Yu a Wa es C a fo d Ji a uea 7 , , ; Kauf a , Cou o & Hut heso , Mu o et alii 7 , Mi o e “ hli hte , Yuki “a Chu asha fa il : I eseño Chu ash “YBCY et alii • Uto-Azte a fa il : Hui hol M I tosh & G i es Nahuatl B o k a et alii Ma a fa il : P oto-Ma a • Mi e-)o uea fa il : P oto-Mi e-)o uea • Le a , Ya a e & “ hli hte , , Ta ahu a a Hilto , ; Kauf a & Justeso fa il : P oto-Le a Wi h a , Co ste la-U aña Co ste la-U aña , Ul a CIDCA et alii A op of a i o plete e sio of the ALLD a ; 7, del ‘ío U utia fa il : P oto-Misu alpa 7 , ; A guedas Co t s Ho du a Le a He a z He a z Ca aope a Ca p ell o ; • Miskito B o , Co e udo ; • Misu alpa 7 , P oto- , “e i Mose & Ma lett 7 , O'Co , ; Yukia fa il : P oto-Yukia Wappo “a 7 : P oto- 7 , “hate ia M Le do , Oa a a Cho tal Tu e & Tu e “api & “ adesh • ; Ma lett , P oto-Po oa Ca p ell & Olt ogge “ a to • , , “u o ; e f eel do load HE‘E. , , “al ado a Le a; 7, , , o Hou ald , August Ma elo Jolkesk • Chiti a ha “ adesh Tu l , Atakapa Gats het & “ a to 7 , Tu i a Haas , Cuitlate Maso , To ka a Hoije He d i hs P ez , Weitla e te asi , Es ala te , “ali a s e o passi g the follo i g se a ti atego ies: i pe so al a d spatial dei ti s, ii ki ship te iii , Ka a ka a Gats het . The ALLD fu da e tall e loses ∼ a d pla ts, , Nat hez Va atu al phe o e a, e s positio al, s, iii od /pla t pa ts, i a i als i ute sils a d housi g, otio , a tio , se so , ii foods a d a eteo ologi al, odil p o esses , a d i adje ti es size, age, te pe atu e, olo , alue . All these te do ai s to fa ilitate the sea h fo lookalikes a ate ials, s e e g ouped pai of si ila oots se a ti ithi the sa e se a ti do ai . Ne t step as to pe fo good lookalikes et ee a e plo ato p o edu es assessi g the ALLD i sea h fo pai of la guages u de esea h, al a s taki g i to a ou t the afo e e tio ed st i t se se esea h goals. All i sta es e e g ouped a d so ted out, a d fo ea h g oup of lookalikes the follo i g a al ti p o edu es e e applied i se ue e: i o phologi al he ki g of o ds, ai i g to e lude fo tuitous i sta es; ii pho ologi al o pa iso of all the e ai ed i sta es hi h e e take as possi le og ates , i sea h fo sou d o espo de es. A possi ilit of ge eti i he ita e o espo de es e e fou d a o g a of sha ed o ds he patte s of pho ologi al g oup of possi le og ates. Othe ise, these g oup e e take as i di ati e of la guage o ta t. The a haeoe oli guisti app oa h see Jolkesk h pothesis aised as aised o l as used as a i te dis ipli a e ega di g p ehisto i populatio et ee the A e i as. I platfo to su sta tiate a o e e ts a d la guage o ta t hat follo s I ill p ese t the esults a hie ed the e t t o se tio s I ill detail all the esults a hie ed e. this esea h. I August Ma elo Jolkesk . P‘E-COLONIAL LINGUI“TIC CONNECTION“ BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND “OUTH AME‘ICAN LANGUAGE“ The Oto a guea o p isi g t o sto k is the iggest i ai di isio s a d eight su fa ilies see Cha t Cha t : The Oto a guea sto k, follo i g Kauf a Although the A e i as a d the , , ost di e se, . a. ost li guists ag ee that the e iste e of this sto k has ee p o e Kauf a , Ca p ell Bo e e tl see 7 , o detailed e o st u tio has ee pu lished u til o a d halle ged it, suggesti g that it is a tuall a Sp a h u d. If e o side the a haeoe oli guisti pe spe ti e, this alte ati e app oa h se iousl i up o i g esea hes. Du i g olo ial ti es, e e spoke Me i o a d o l the Ma guea ust i deed e take ost of the Oto a guea la guages a h as spoke as fa as Costa ‘i a. Map sho s the app o i ate dist i utio of the Oto a guea sto k i Mesoa e i a du i g the XV e tu AD. 7 August Ma elo Jolkesk Map : The Oto a guea sto k du i g the XV e tu AD. Du i g the sa e pe iod, the eth oli guisti dist i utio A ei a as uite o ple . Map No th este i No th este “outh sho s the app o i ate eth oli guisti dist i utio i “outh A e i a du i g the XV e tu Map : The eth oli guisti dist i utio i No th este a e iatio s, see Jolkesk . AD. “outh A e i a du i g the XV e tu AD fo the August Ma elo Jolkesk Afte a e hausti e ele a t o d ese ass o pa iso usi g the data o piled i the ALLD so e uite la es e e ged et ee a d those spoke i No th este la guage fa ilies lo ated o ust pa allels “outh A e i a. The ithi the No th este Ba a oa a d Paeza ; a d ii fe P oto- la guages of the Oto a guea sto k ost st iki g o es ee i ith Tip of “outh A e i a, a el : Cho oa , ith “ali a -Hoti. A o g the sha ed le i al ite s, the e a e ith Cho oa a d a o ust pa allels ith Paez, Ba a oa a d “ali a -Hoti. Th ee ele a t poi ts e e ged afte a al zi g these fi di gs. The ill e dealt sepa atel i the follo i g se tio s. . . OTOMANGUEAN AND CHOCOAN The e is a u h of high ualit le i al pa allels sha ed et ee the Oto a guea sto k a d the P oto-Cho oa . As sho P oto-Cho oa a ha e o e f o i Ta le , ost of these possi le o o i gs i P oto-Otopa ea . TABLE 1: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND CHOCOAN OTOMANGUEAN CHOCOAN POTP *(n)hoa ‘wing’ PCHK *hua ‘arm’ PMZT *pi PCHK *βi > wnn bi eat PZPT *aku; TPN -ʔkʰu PCHK *ko e e POTP *-tao (see also: POTP *n-tao ‘seed’) PCHK *dabu > WNN dau, N.EBR dau, S.EBR dau/tau go POTP *ma/*wa PCHK *uã > WNN ma, PEBR *wã hea POTP *ʔo-t > OTM ʔøde, MTZ ʔøti, OCU ʔøɬ PCHK *ũri- > PEBR *ũri-, WNN ʔũr house PZPT *litʲi ‘house’ > YAZ/SYZ liʒ, COZ lid/ni, CTN ni ̃ ; PMZT *ʃthe ‘nest’ PCHK *de ‘house’ > PEBR *de, WNN dih POTP *nʔi-m ‘meat’ PCHK *neme ‘animal’ > WNN nem (see also: WNN nemek ‘meat’), PEBR *nẽ- ‘thing/animal’ a / i g ell eat/a i al The sou e fo P oto-Cho oa /P oto-E e a e o st u tio s a d fo the pho ologi al o espo de e sets of the Cho oa la guages is: U aña & Peña . August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 1: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND CHOCOAN OTOMANGUEAN CHOCOAN pe is/ ale POTP *me ‘male’ > OTM/CHO me, NPO mɛʔ PCHC *me ‘penis’ salt POTP *thõ-s ‘salt’; also: TPN tana ‘medicine’ PCHC *tã [*tʰã] to gue/fa e POTP *khi ̃a- ‘tongue’ PCHC *ki ̃ra ‘face’ to gue/fa e PMZT *ʔmi ̃ ‘tongue’; POTP *hmi ‘face’ PCHC *me ‘tongue’ > PEBR *ki ̃rame [kʰi ̃rã-me] ‘tongue’ POTP *he PCHC *hɨ ̃ ea lothes Besides this, so e Cho oa ost E ea o - e o st u ta le te ultu al ite s ha e e o st u ta le ou te pa ts i Oto a guea s efe i g to a hes. Most of the ha e a aila le e o st u tio s fo P oto-)apote a , P oto-Mazate a o P oto-Otopa ea . The e is a high p o a ilit that i tuall all those ite s, sho i Ta le , e e o o ed f o a Oto a guea sou e: TABLE 2: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND EMBERA/WAUNANA OTOMANGUEAN CHOCOAN atole/ a io PMZT *n aha ‘atole’ > LOM n oho N.EBR ʰã, WNN ʰohõ ‘manioc’ ea th PZPT *jo S.EBR jo ro (-ro ‘common suffix’) fi e/fi e ood POTP *ci-p ‘fire/embers/lime’ > OTM cibi, MZT sivi ‘fire’ PEBR *tɨbɨ ‘firewood’ fish PZPT *kʷ-el ͈-a > ISZ benda, SYZ beld, JUZ bel ͈a, VAZ bel ͈, CUZ mbel PEBR *βeda jagua PZPT *(kʷ-)e ˀ i ‘jaguar’ > JUZ be i, ISZ be ʤeˀ, COZ mbiˀʤ, CUZ mbe z S.EBR ɨ ̃pʰidi/õpʰɨɗɨ k ife/ ut POTP *thi-s ‘knife’ PEBR *tɨ [*tʰɨ] ‘cut’ ale POTP *weo-ʔ S.EBR wiu, N.EBR wiɡu ou tai PZPT *keˀja, PCTN *keˀja S.EBR eja/ea, N.EBR eja POTP *tʔõ-ma N.EBR drõa, S.EBR õa old August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 2: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND EMBERA/WAUNANA OTOMANGUEAN CHOCOAN pe so PZPT *kʷ-en͈eˀ ‘people/family’ YAZ ben͈əˀ, SYZ ben͈ˀ, MIZ beʰn͈, COZ men; PCTN *kʷini > CTN kʷiɲi PEBR *ẽbẽrã see POTP *nõ > OTM nũ, MTZ/CHO nu PEBR*unu seed PMZT *nthe > LOM tha PEBR *nẽta *[nẽtʰa] sit/seat POTP * hopi ‘seat’; also: PZPT *zoba ‘sit’ > COZ n-zobˀ N.EBR ume/ ubɨa [ ʰume]/[ ʰubɨa], WNN hup ‘sit’ sk PZPT *baˀ N.EBR ba, S.EBR pa/ba to a o PMZT * hi ̃ũ S.EBR ihõ, N.EBR ihõ/ʤihõ u i e/sou PZPT *sieˀ ‘sour’, PCTN *tieˀ PEBR *sia ‘urine’ ash POTP *tãh-t ‘wash clothes’ N.EBR tʰãtʰo, S.EBR tʰõ ‘wash dishes/clothes’ ea /sta POTP *khai ‘year’ S.EBR kakhai ‘star’ . . OTOMANGUEAN AND BA‘BACOAN Most le i al ite s sha ed e lusi el the Co o u a the Oto a guea a d the Ba a oa sto ks i ol ed a h a d a e e o st u ta le to P oto-Co o u a ut ot to P oto-Ba a oa . This is a st o g i di ati e that the fo efathe s of the P oto-Co o u a s possi l u de o o i gs f o e t a eth oge eti p o ess, a Oto a guea a e th ough sou e ha e a aila le eolizatio . Most of those e o st u tio s fo P oto- )apote a , P oto-Mazate a a d/o P oto-Otopa ea : TABLE 3: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND BARBACOAN 1 OTOMANGUEAN BA‘BACOAN5 PZPT *na(ˀ); PZPT *-aˀ ‘1.POS’ PKOK *na The sou e fo P oto-Ba a oa e o st u tio s a d fo the pho ologi al o espo de e sets of the Ba a oa /Co o u a la guages is: Cu o & Liddi oat . The autho s did 't e o st u t all the P otoCo o u a fo s used he e, ut it is possi le to ake i fe e es ased o the pho ologi al o espo de e sets esta lished the the o l e eptio , ade e, is the e o st u tio of P oto-Co o u a *o > Gua ia o u : Toto o, o t asti g ith P oto-Co o u a *u > Gua ia o u : Toto u . August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 3: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND BARBACOAN OTOMANGUEAN BA‘BACOAN5 2 PZPT *-luˀ; PZPT *-uˀ ‘2.POS’; PZPT *nu ‘1.I’ PBBK *nu 3 PZPT *neˀ ‘3.RESP’, PZPT *-eˀ ‘3.POS’; also: PZPT *ni ‘3/this’, PCNT *nə ‘that’ PKOK *nɨ blood/red PMZT *ʔja-ni ̃ ‘red’ (PMZT *ʔja- ‘nominal’) > MZM/CQM/SOM ʔani ̃; also: PMZT *hni ̃ ‘blood’ PKOK *ani ‘blood’ body PZPT *lati > COZ laˀz PKOK *aç bone PPL *tjun-, TPN itsu, SBT ísú PKOK *tsu- breast PZPT *tʲiˀ, PMZT * iki ‘chest’ PBBK * ik > AWP ikuza child POTP *ʔoene > OTM/MAZ ʔwɛne PKOK *unɨ coal/ POTP *nca ‘firewood’; PPPL *(n) a ‘fire’ GBN tɕar ‘firewood’; AWP - ax, PSBK *- ala ‘coal’ cold PMTK *wixi ̱ GBN piʃi ̃ deer POTP *pahnʔ PKOK *pan, AWK paina ear POTP *n-kão PKOK *kalo embers/star6 PMZT *(ni ̃-)ɲũce ‘big star’ (PMZT *ni ̃- ‘nominal’) PKOK *oçɨ ‘embers/ashes’ fire PCNT *nakʷɨ > naku PKOK *nakɨ firewood PMTK *sɨʔɨ ̱ TTR tʂɨ, AWP sɨ flesh PMZT *jahu ‘meat/flesh’ > HUM jau PKOK *jau- flower PMZT *nã-ʃu PBBK *uʃ flower PCNT *li PSBK *lɨlɨ give PCNT *kʷəŋ > kʷən AWP kʷin pot PMTK *kɨsɨ ‘pot’; PZPT *kes͈oˀ > COZ ɡe ; CNT kitʲũˀ PKOK *kɨtsɨ ‘pot’ hand/foot POTP *koa ‘foot/leg’ > OTM ɡʷa, MAZ ɡʷaʔa, NPO ma-kʷa; PCNT *kʷe > kʷah ‘arm’ PKOK *kʷal ‘hand/arm’ firewood I the o ld ie of so e No th este “outh A e i a so ieties the souls of the de eased go to the sk a d the sta s a e see as fi epla es i the illages of the de eased o e e as the e e s of those fi epla es . August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 3: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND BARBACOAN OTOMANGUEAN BA‘BACOAN5 house PZPT *ja ‘sweat lodge’; also: PMZT *(nti)ʔja ‘house’ (*nti- ‘nominal’ ?) > ni ̃-ʔja PBBK *ja leaf POTP *si > OTM/MTZ ʃi, NPO niʃ i PKOK *iʃi- lie down/sit PZPT *sokʷa ‘sit’ > ISZ zuba, COZ n-zobˀ; POTP * hopi ‘seat’ PKOK *tsop ‘lie down’ medicine PCNT *mɨ GBN mɨ mother/nurse OCU ci, NPO c iʔ, MAZ ʃiʔi ‘nurse’ GBN uɕi ‘mother’ mountain/ high PZPT *tun͈i ‘high’ > RCZ tun͈a, YAZ ton͈ə, SYZ ton͈ PKOK *tuna ‘mountain’ > GBN tun, TTR tuna new PMZT *ce PKOK *çɨ night POTP *sãom > MTZ ʃɵmi, MAZ ʃomʉ PKOK *jem nose/calabash PMTK *kɨmʔ ‘calabash’ (see: TPN dako ‘nose/calabash’) PBBK *kim- ‘nose’ place/earth PZPT *ju ‘earth’ PKOK *ju ‘place’, PKOK *-ju ‘LOC’ rain PMZT *sci >LOM ce; also: OTM ʔje PKOK *çe root/manioc PZPT *l ͈o ‘root’ > SYZ/COZ lo; see also: PCNT *lu ‘neck’ PKOK *lo ‘manioc’ rope/snake POTP * i ‘snake’ PKOK *tsi ‘rope’ salt PZPT *seteˀ > SYZ/COZ zedˀ, CTN teheˀ PKOK *tçe shit POTP *phoi > CHO pü, OCU pø, OTM pʰo PBBK *pɨ sky/up POTP *cʔi ̃-nʔ ‘up’; also: PZPT *tse ‘day/night’ PKOK *ɕɨ ‘sky’ > GBN ɕɨ ̃ snake PMTK *lu PKOK *ul speak/tongue PZPT *n͈iˀ ‘speak’; PMZT *ʔnẽ ‘tongue/word’ PBBK *ni- ‘tongue’ > PSBK *ni-ka; PKOK *ni-lɨ speak POTP *si-p > NPO ep, OTM/MAZ ʃipʰi GBN tʃip stone/earth POTP *to ‘stone’ PBBK *to ‘earth’ August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 3: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND BARBACOAN OTOMANGUEAN BA‘BACOAN5 sun PZPT *(ko-)kʷi - ‘sun’ (*ko- ‘nominal’) > ATZ PKOK *pɨtɕa ‘sun’ ubi a, VAZ ɡʷbiʤ, CUZ wiz; PCTN *kʷits-a ‘sun’ tree PMZT *tuciˀi ̃ PKOK *tuç what PZPT *çi PKOK * i-, AWP ʃi wife PZPT * eˀela > CUZ saˀl, COZ alʔ PKOK *çalɨ woman POTP *sõ/*co ‘woman/wife’ > OCU hu, OTM n-xu; PMZT * hũ ‘wife’ (< *n- hu) PKOK *iʃu-, TFK sona; PSBK *so ‘vulva’ . . OTOMANGUEAN AND PAE) The e is a g eat a ou t of high ualit le i al pa allels et ee the Oto a guea sto k a d the Paez la guage, as sho P oto-)apote a Ta le i Ta les - . Most of the dete ted pa allels a e ith . TABLE 4: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN (PROTO-)OTOPAMEAN AND PAEZ P‘OTO-MA)ATECAN/P‘OTO-CHINANTECAN PAE) .“UB MTZ tu-h-, TWK to-, OTM d-; RCZ -tu ‘1.E’ -tʰ(u) .“UB OTM ɡ-; TWK khun- ‘2.P’ -ɡ(u) .“UB MTZ ku-h- -k(u) (3.SUB.PST) hild OTM lo i; also: PMTK *luˀu ‘small’ luu loud/ai / i d POTP *n-tãmh ‘air/wind’ tããpʰ ‘cloud’ POTP *mʔiph ‘smoke’ > OTM ˀbipi, MTZ bipi, MAZ biˀpʰi ipʲ ‘fire’ OTM me n-mi s o pio /spide POTP *mes ‘spider’ > OTM/MAZ meʃe us-mitʲ ‘scorpion’ (us = ‘bean/kidney’) su / oo POTP *hiat ‘sun’ > OTM hʲadi, MAZ hʲarï aˀte ‘moon’ POTP *n-so ‘women/wife’ > OTM n-xu; also: PMZT * hũ ‘wife’ (< *n- hu); PCNT *ʔja ‘female’ > ʔio n-ju fi e/s oke a ife August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 5: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-MAZATECAN/PROTO-CHINANTECAN AND PAEZ P‘OTO-MA)ATECAN/P‘OTO-CHINANTECAN PAE) .“ PMZT *ʔã a-dʲ .“ PMZT *hi i -dʲ, iˀ-kʷe, i- a .“ PMZT * eˀe >LOM aˀa tʲã i te ogati e PMZT *ʔa-, PCNT *ʔa -aˀ elde /so e PMZT *theˀe ‘magic/sorcery’; also: PCNT *tɨ ‘doctor/teacher’ > teɡ tʰẽʔh ‘elder’ < *ntʰeˀh hus a d/fathe PMZT *nã-ʔmi ̃ ‘father/priest’ (PMZT *nã- ‘nominal’); also: PCNT *hmi ‘father’ n-mi ‘husband’ fathe PMZT *nã-ʔ(a)i ̃ > AYM nã-ʔai (PMZT *nã- ‘nominal’) ; also: PCNT *ŋiuˀ > neiˀ n-ei jagua / o ote PMZT * ehẽ ‘coyote’ > MZM ihẽ sih ‘jaguar’ PMZT * uˀwa >JDM/SDM juˀwa; also: PZPT *tjoˀwa juwe PMZT *(nã-)hẽi ̃ ‘tongue’ (PMZT *nã- ‘nominal’) > SOM/LOM (nã-)hi ̃ hi ̃ ‘speak’ < *n-hi ose/ ala ash PMZT *ni ̃-su ‘calabash’ (PMZT *ni ̃- ‘nominal’) > LOM ni ̃sɨ i ̃ ‘nose’ < *n-i a io PMZT *ntu-ja (*ntu- ‘nominal ?’) > AYM/CQM/JDM nũja; also: CRT nuja; also: PZPT *ni-jaˀa ‘milpa’ (PZPT *nĩ‘nominal’) > COZ n-iaˀ, CUZ/MHZ n-jaˀ ɲa < *n-ja PMZT *ntus e (*ntu- ‘nominal ?’) > AYM/JDM nʔũ e, CQM nũ e ũtʰ < *n-utʰ PMZT *ʔju ‘drinkable’; also: CUZ ju -, CTN jo ‘river’; MHZ ju ‘rain’; PCNT *zu ‘water’ juˀ ‘water’ gou d/ ase PCNT *ʔɨ ‘gourd’ > sɨ tʰe ‘gourd’ su / oo PCNT *sɨ ʔ ‘moon’ > θeɡʔ; also: MHZ se ‘day’ sek ‘sun’ pe is/ ale PCNT *ŋiu ‘male’ iu ‘penis’ sta PCNT *ʔi-a > ʔa ãʔ die/fi ish PCNT *u ‘inish’; also: PMTK *kuu ‘die’ u ‘die’ hog/ ig ga e PCNT *kwe ‘big game’ kiwe ‘hog’ outh speak/to gue s eet potato ate /li uid August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7 P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO PAE) . a do e /hea t PZPT *laˀtʲiˀ ‘heart’ > RCZ laʤiˀ, VAZ laʒəʔ, COZ ledi-o, CUZ lez-oˀ; CTN tiˀ letʲa ‘abdomen’ < *letʲi-a (-a ?) . ado e/s ash PZPT *kʷas͈oˀo ‘adobe’, PCTN *tu > CTN tʲu waˀ ʰu ‘smash’ < *baˀ ʰu (also: waˀ ‘arepa’) . ai / i d PZPT *kʷ-e ˀ ‘wind’ > MIZ beh, SBZ bʷɨh; PCNT *n-kʷi ˀ ‘air’ > kʷi ̃ʔi ̃ wehja ‘wind’ < *b-eh-ja (<ya> ‘wind’); also: ẽ ‘aloft, in the air’ < *n-e , wẽhʲ ‘tobacco’ . all/ u h PZPT *tʲaˀ ‘all’ > COZ tæ; CNT taˀ ‘group/a lot’; also: CNT a ‘much’ tʰa -kue ‘much’ a t/s o pio PZPT *n-kʷe-tʲeˀ ‘ant’ > SBZ biʤih, COZ mtʲee; PCTN kʷi-te ˀ CTN kʷitʲe ˀ us-mitʲ ‘scorpion’ (us ‘bean’) < *us +*n-b-itʲe ‘ant’ 5. . a k PCTN *tin uˀ > ti õʔ (also: PZPT *t-i ͈ iˀ > JUZ xti ͈ i, CUZ ʃis, SCZ ti , ISZ d-e e, MIZ dehts) . a k/ oa PZPT *toço͈ ‘bark, fierce’ . at PZPT *(kʷe-)ketiˀ ‘butterfly’+*sinaˀ ‘mouse’ = kʰi ̃h e < *kʰinhi en ketiˀsinaˀ > COZ nɡid-zinʔ; pre-PCTN *(kʷi)kinhi > PCTN *kʷinhi > CTN kʷi ̃ ‘bat’ (prePCTN *-kinhi ‘bat’ + pre-PCTN *tinaˀ ‘mouse’ = pre-PCTN *-kinhitinaˀ); also: AMG ki ʰoon . east/jagua PZPT *(kʷ-)e ˀ i ‘jaguar’ (kʷ- ‘nominal’) > e ‘beast’ < *-e i MIZ bedz, COZ m-biˀʤ, CUZ be z; PCTN *kʷi i ‘jaguar’; also: TPN ɡiʃaa/ɡiʃjoˀ ‘beast’ iz < * insu tũ ʰ ‘moan’9 < *n-tu ʰu (n‘nominal’) All Paeza fo s follo i g a aste isk ep ese t p e-Paez fo s offe ed ea s of i te al e o st u tio . Mo phe es put i a kets e e 't ele a t i these o pa iso s. I' el i g o p e-Paez fo s ea s of i te al e o st u tio . Fo i sta e, all Paez ki ship te s ha e a p efi ed - that see s e i is e t a e of a i alie a le o o i al p efi . It's si ila to so e o i al p efi es uite o o i the Oto a guea la guages a-, i-, et . . I' assu i g that p e-Paez has had p efi es like the Oto a guea o es, ut that the e e lost o assi ilated i to the le i al oots esulti g i so e o phopho ologi al p o esses like asalizatio of o els/so o a ts o palatalizatio . This app oa h is still p eli i a though. 7 The e is also a ha e that this fo Ma e f o ke hua tu i a ef o ild spi it’. Colo ial “pa ish latido hea t eat’. August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7 P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO PAE) ʰiˀdʲ ‘bee’ <* ʰiˀd . ee/ho e PZPT *(kʷe-) in-aˀ ‘honey’ > ATZ inaˀ, MIZ dzun COZ m-ʤinʔ CUZ m-zin; pre-PCTN *kʷi iˀn-a > PCTN *kʷiˀna > CTN *kʷiɲaˀ . ee/ asp PZPT * kʷ-ensoˀ ‘bee’ > ISZ bizu, COZ mbeˀz, mezukue ‘wasp’ < *benzu+CUZ mbed; PCTN *kʷento > kʷetõ ‘bee’ kue (n- ‘nominal’; -kue ‘DIM’) . lood PZPT *tʲe-ne > VAZ ɟen, RCZ rɨn, JUZ re -ne, COZ ten; PCTN *te-ni . o e PZPT *tʲit ͈a > VAZ ʒit, CUZ siθ, COZ tiθ; PCTN dʲiˀtʰ < *n-tʲiˀtʰa *n-tiha > CTN tʲihjã e < *tʰe PZPT *ki ͈ o ‘break/get broken’ ki ‘ravine’ assa a/ ilpa PZPT *ni-ja ‘milpa’ (*ni- ‘nominal’) jã < *n-ja ‘cassava’ (*n‘nominal’) . lothes PZPT *latʲeˀ > MIZ lahd, COZ laˀt; CTN lateˀ atʰe < *latʰe; atʰ ‘put on clothes’ < *latʰ . old PZPT *-ak-a ‘catarrh, cold’ akʰ ‘cold’ . ook i ate / ate PZPT *n-is͈-a ‘water’ > YAZ n-is, COZ ni , JUZ i ̃ ‘cook in water’ < *n-i inda; PCTN *h-ita > CTN hitʲa . o e t/ ight PZPT *l ͈i; CTN li ‘right’ dʲih < *dih . o e /shell PZPT *çakʷa ‘bark/clothes’, CTN skʷa ʃape ‘shell’ . da k/da k ess PZPT *çin͈i ʃiˀdʲ < *sʲiˀdi . doo /i side PZPT (kʷe-)li ˀ ‘door’ (see also: PZPT *l ͈eˀa ‘inside/belly’) dʲi ‘inside’ < *di . d ip PZPT * u ˀniˀ, PCTN *suni > CTN ʃni sud . eat PZPT *a-ko > JUZ ɡo, PCTN *ku ũˀ < *buˀ PZPT *tʲoˀwa ‘mouth/edge’, PCTN *tuˀkʷa ‘mouth/edge’ > CTN tuˀba tʰũˀwa/tʰũˀwe ‘ear/edge’ *PZPT *keˀe, PCTN *nkiˀe ime < *i ̃ɡe < *n-ɡie (*n‘nominal’) PZPT *(k/)n-eçu ͈ ‘avocado’ > COZ n-iʃ; PCTN *-esu niʃ ‘pulp/fat’ < *n-isʲu . oke / a i e 5. 5. edge . e e e t . fat/a o ado 7 August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7 P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO PAE) . fe e/ est PZPT *lo ˀ ‘fence’; also: PZPT *lo ˀna ‘bed’ du ‘nest’ . field/so PZPT *tʲa s-a ‘sow’ > RCZ raz-, ATZ rad-a, CUZ jad-a , COZ -az-; PCTN *ni-tata > CTN ndʲata tʰaʃ ‘field/bush’ < *tʰasʲ . fi e ood/ u PZPT *aˀkiˀ ‘cook/burn’; also: PZPT *ki ‘ire’, PCTN *ki ˀ eˀkʲ ‘irewood’ < *eˀki . fish PZPT *kʷ-el ͈-a > VAZ bel ͈, CUZ mbel; PCTN *kʷela wedʲ < *bedʲ . flea/it h PZPT *kʷakʷaˀ ‘itch’ > ISZ babaˀ pãˀpã ‘flea’ < n-paˀpa (*n‘nominal’) . fl PZPT *kʷ-iˀja ‘ly, mosquito’ ɸi ̃ʃ ‘fly’ < *n-pisʲa PZPT *ku ˀ eˀ ‘pus’ > JUZ ɡu iˀ, RCZ ɡuʤiˀ, COZ ɡuˀʒ; PCTN *ku eˀ buˀ < *buˀ ʲe i se t . foa /pus 5. foot/a i e PZPT *tʲina ‘arrive’ > CUZ sin i ̃da ‘foot’ < * ida . fo est/ g ee ea th PZPT *jo ‘earth’ + PZPT *k͈aˀ ‘green’ = jukʰ ‘forest’ *jo k͈aˀ; PCTN *ju ‘terra’ + PCTN *kaˀa ‘green’ . ghost/ki PZPT *kʷeçeˀ ‘ghost’; also: PZPT *kʷeˀ ‘3.kinsmen’ weˀʃ ‘ghost/kin’ < *besʲiˀ . gou d/ ase PZPT *tʲe ˀ ‘vase’ > COZ te ˀ, CUZ re ; PCTN *nte ˀ > CTN teˀẽ tʰe ‘gourd’ . hai /feathe PZPT *k-i ͈ a(ˀ) ‘hair’ > ATZ i ͈ aˀ, RCZ ɡ-i aˀ, COZ ɡ-i , CUZ j-is; PCNT *nki aˀ > CTN *kitsãˀ βih a ‘bird’ < *bih ʲa ‘feather ?’10 . ha k PZPT *kʷe-s͈iˀja > ATZ beθ͈iaˀ, RCZ bisiaˀ, MIZ pi ɣa < *pi ʰija bisih, VAZ bsia, ISZ bisia, CUZ m-ti, COZ m- i; pre-PCTN *kʷitijaˀ > PCTN *kʷijaˀ > CTN kʷiˀja . head PZPT *(j-/l ͈-)ek͈e-> SYZ l ͈eɡˀ, RCZ ik-r͈aˀ, CUZ/COZ j-ek, MIZ j-ehk; CTN h-ike This possi le se a ti ool, hai ’ . ha ge a e li ked to a othe o e: PAE kʰas dʲiktʰe ‘head’ < *dʲikʰ+tʰe (tʰe maybe from: tʰeɡ ‘look at’); also: dʲkʰas ‘hair’ < *dʲikʰ-kʰas (kʰas ‘wool’) ool, hai , feathe ’ < p e-PAE *kʰas August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7 P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO PAE) . hot PZPT * a ˀ > ATZ aˀa, MIZ ʤaˀ, COZ æ a a < *a ʲa < * ʲa . house/path PZPT *neˀe, PCTN *niˀi ̃ dʲiˀh ‘path’ < *diˀh . house/s eat lodge PZPT *ja ‘sweat lodge’; also: PMZT *(nti)ʔja ‘house’ (*nti- ‘nominal’ ?) jat ‘house’ < *ja-t (*-t ‘?’, see 86) PZPT *(k-)iˀçIˀ ͈ ‘bush/herb’> JUZ/ATZ içiˀ, ͈ SBZ j-içeˀ, YAZ j-iç əˀ, ISZ ɡ-iˀçiˀ, RCZ ɡ-iʃiˀ, ͈ ͈ COZ j-iʃ; PCTN *kinsIˀ ‘bush/herb’ > CTN kiʃẽˀ, kʃi ̃ˀ e ‘leaf, paper’ < *e e . life/d elli g PZPT *litʲi ‘dwelling/house’; pre-PCTN *nliti > PCTN *nliˀi > CTN niˀi ̃ i ̃tʲi ̃ < *nitʲi < *n-litʲi . light PZPT *ni ˀ e n < *ne . liza d PZPT *wa ͈ iˀ > COZ/MHZ wa ; CTN kʷa iˀ lawẽ < *law(i)+*we i (laβʲ ‘slick’ < *lawi) . louse PZPT *(kʷe-)nt ͈ʲe ˀ > COZ mti, CUZ mse ˀ, MIZ ẽs < *nse (n- ‘nominal’ ?) beˀ ; pre-PCTN *(kʷi)-ntiˀ > PCTN *kʷitʲi ̃ˀ 5. leaf/he 5 . aize PZPT *n-çokʷ-aˀ > COZ n-ʤop, CUZ n-zob, MHZ n-zoˀɸ; PCTN *nsukʷaˀ ʃũpʲ ‘boiled maize’ < *n-sʲupe (n- ‘nominal’ ?) 5 . aize/ ello PZPT *ku ͈ i ‘yellow’, CTN ku i kutʲʰ ‘maize’ <*ku ʲʰi 5 . ale/ othe PZPT *kʷ-eˀ ͈ -iˀ ‘brother’ > ATZ be ͈ iˀ, RCZ pih < *pi ʰu ‘male’ bɨ , VAZ biʃ, COZ wi ; see also: PCTN *kʷ-i uˀ > kʷi uˀ ‘homosexual’ 5 . a PZPT *ni-kiˀ(-ju) (*ni- ‘nominal’, *ju ‘3.male’) n-miˀ < *n-biˀ (n- ‘nominal’) >MIZ ni-ɡi, COZ m-ɡiˀ; CTN kiˀ-ju (see also: ju ‘wife’) 5 . a 55. 5 . PZPT *kal ͈a- ‘twenty’ > RCZ ɡala; CTN kala wala ‘many’ < *bala a ket/ u PZPT *keˀj-a ‘market’, PCTN *kijaˀ wej < *bej ‘buy’ eat PZPT *kʷe ˀlaˀ ‘meat/flesh’ peˀla ‘peace of meat’ /t e t P)PT * esa ea s path’ a d a e a o ple o d o posed house’ a d P)PT *sa alk’ > P)PT * esa path’ > ‘C) ɨz, MI) ehz, CO) ez, CU) ed . alk’ P)PT * eˀe house’+ Ma e also: P)PT * l-/k- iˀ i͈ pape ’ > JU) i i͈ , I“) ɡ-iˀ iˀ, ‘C) ‘C) ɡ-i i , “B) j-iʃ, “B) l-/j-iʃ; PCTN *kiti. P)PT *keˀtsuˀ g ai ’ > AT) je uˀ, I“) ɡiˀʤuˀ, CO) ɡeˀʒ, CU) jeˀs; CNT *kitsuˀ > ki uˀ. August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7 P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO PAE) 5 . u us/ otte PZPT *j-u ˀ uˀ ‘rotten’, PCTN *(nku-) uˀ > nɡu uˀ ɲutʲ ‘mucus’ < *n-ju ʲu (n‘nominal’) 5 . outh/ eal PZPT *çuwe ‘meal’ > JUZ j ̃uwẽ, ATZ ʤuwe , MIZ ɟweh, CUZ ʃwi) juwe ‘mouth’ < *juwe 5 . e k/shoulde PZPT *çik͈o- ‘shoulder’ > ATZ ʐik͈-ja, ISZ ʒikeʔ, tʲʰikʰ ‘neck’ < *tʲʰikʰu COZ ʃik; PCTN *n-siku > CTN sikũ . ight/afte oo PZPT *ko eˀ ‘afternoon’ >MIZ ɡuʤeh, SBZ ɡuʤɨh; PCTN *(n-)kusi > CTN nkusi ̃ . ose pre-PZPT *n-isʲeˀ > PZPT *çiˀe > MIZ ʒiˀ, ISZ i ̃ < *n-i e (n- ‘nominal’ ?) ʒiˀi, COZ ʃe , CUZ ʃi : PCTN * n-sieˀ > CTN si ̃ʔ, sijẽˀ kus ‘night’ < *kusɨ . o e/te CTN ti ‘ten’; also PZPT * ͈ i ˀ ‘ten’ . pe is/ ale YAZ ʃoˀolə, SBZ ʃoˀole ‘spouse’; PCTN * ula > CTN ula ‘male’ . pot PZPT *kes͈oˀ > COZ ɡe ; PCTN *nkituˀ > CTN mitʲʰ < *nbi ʰu (n- ‘nominal’ kitʲũˀ ?) 5. po de /sa d te - ‘one’ kuˀ ‘sandy’ < *kuˀ ʲu PZPT *kuˀçu ͈ ‘powder’ . a it/gui ea pig PZPT *kʷ-i ͈ i ‘rabbit’ . ai o . ulʲ ‘penis’ <* ʲulʲ ɸi ʰ < pi i ‘guinea pig’ PZPT *(kʷe-)kit ͈-aˀ > RCN bi-ɡit-aˀ, CUZ kiˀθ (<*kiθ-aˀ), COZ m-ɡiθ kʲtʰũ s < *kitʰ-ũ s (ũ s ‘spirit’) eed PZPT *ki , PCTN *ki kʰi ̃ h < n-kʰi h . eed PZPT *kʷeli ˀ ‘fence of reeds’ pel ‘reed’ . ope/i tle PZPT *ke e ‘ixtle’, PCTN *ki e > CTN ki e wes ‘rope’ < *bese . sad/poo RCZ je iˀ ‘poor/sad’, SYZ jeʃˀ ‘poor’, COZ jiʒ ‘sad’; CTN l-ihʲi nʲus ‘sad’ < *n-ɨs (*n‘nominal’) . sa d/sp i kled/ PZPT *ɡu-/n- eˀe ‘sprinkle/sprinkled (water or muse ‘sand, sprinkled, tiny’14 dust)’ > YAZ ɡʷ-ʒaˀ/n-ʒaˀ, OCZ ɡʷ-ʒeˀe, SBZ < *n-buse (*n- ‘nominal’) ɡʷ-ʒeˀe/n-ʒeˀ; CTN m eˀ ‘tiny' ti . see PAE kuet- PZPT *wi- > COZ wi, CUZ wiˀ; CTN kʷiˀ- use sa d’ kuet sto e’ , PAE us- use d izzle’ ui <*uwi us ai ’ ; JU) i ͈a t͈e d izzle’ i a͈ ai ’ t͈e ash’ . August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7 P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO . sha a / edi i e PZPT *(kʷe-)çosi ͈ ‘shaman/father’ > ISZ ʃoze, COZ ʃuz, CUZ ʃud; PCTN *suti 5. shout PAE) juˀ e ‘medicine’ PZPT *kʷ-e i ‘shout/call’ we i ‘mock, rebuff’ < *be i . shout/ ake oise PZPT *(n-)kʷe ‘make noise’ > COZ n-gʷeˀi, PCTN *(n-)kʷi ‘loud’ > CTN kʷi ̃ wej ‘shout’ < *bei . si k ess/ ug PZPT *kʷe-eʔ ‘nit/bug’ > ATZ be ʔ; COZ kʷə ‘sick’ we ‘sickness’ <*be . siste -i -la PZPT *kʷe-çis͈a, PCTN *sita > ʃtʲa p-tʲiˀnsa < *pe-tʲiˀn a . ski /hide PZPT *kaˀ ͈ iˀ ‘hide/hidden’ > ATZ ɡa ͈ iˀ, MIZ kʰaˀtʲ ‘skin’ < *kʰaˀtʲi ɡaˀ , RCZ ɡa iˀ, ISZ ɡaˀ iˀ, COZ n-ɡa ; prePCTN *w-ka iˀ > PCTN *kʷa iˀ > CTN kʷa iˀ . sk / o e PZPT *kʷaˀ ‘sky’ . s ake PZPT *kʷe-eˀl ͈-a ‘snake, worm’> YAZ bel ͈, COZ ul < *bɨl/*bul m-beˀl; PCTN *n-kʷIla ‘snake’ > kʷaɲã (< *kʷailã), kʷenã (<*kʷelã); also: pre-PCTN *nkuloˀ > PCTN *kunõˀ ‘worm’ > CTN nkunuˀ . so /pla tatio PZPT *k-a saˀ ‘sow’ > ATZ ɡ-ada, RCZ ɡ-azaˀ, wa ‘plantation’ <*ba VAZ ɡ-azə, COZ az; PCTN *k-ata . spea /a o PZPT *kʷas-a ‘arrow’ > COZ waˀz, MHZ wad; weˀtʰ ‘spear’ < *beˀtʰ ‘spear’ PCTN CTN *kʷat-i > CTN kʷatʲi ‘bow and arrow’ . s ueeze PZPT *k-çi ˀ ‘squeeze’, PCTN *nkusi > CTN kusi ̃ kuˀs ‘squeeze’ <*kuˀse PZPT *so ũsu . sto e/egg PZPT *kowe ‘egg’ kuet ‘stone’ < *kuwe-t (-t ‘?’, see 44) . su /da PZPT * a ‘day’, PCTN *n- a > CTN ã sek . s eet PZPT *(s-/k-/n-)eçe͈ > YAZ ziç,͈ JUZ j-içi, ͈ MIZ ɲuʃa < *n-ɨsʲɨ-a (-a ?) n-ehʃ, CUZ n-iʃ, COZ n-iθ; PCTN *tisi > CTN tʲiʃi . take a a PZPT *latEˀ 5. sta d waˀ ‘cover’ < *baˀ at < *lat August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7 P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO PAE) PCTN *kʷi ̃ ‘talk’ + PCTN *-tiˀi ‘voice’ = *kʷi ̃ tiˀi; PZPT *t ͈ʲiˀi ‘voice’ pẽtʲʰ ‘throat’ < *pẽi-tʲʰi (pẽi ‘ask’) PZPT *ko-kʷi - ‘sun’ (*ko- ‘nominal’) > ATZ ubi a, YAZ ɡubiʤi, OCZ nɡubiʣɨ, MIZ ɡubihʤ, VAZ ɡʷbiʤ, COZ wiˀʒ, CUZ wiz; PCTN *kʷits-a ‘sun’; also: OTM n-hʷe ˀ ‘thunder’ kpiˀʃ ‘thunder’ < *ku-piˀs (*ku- ‘nominal’ ?) . thi /s all PZPT *-las͈iˀ- ‘thin’ leˀ ‘small’ < leˀ i . tip/tho PZPT *ke ͈ eˀ ‘thorn’, PCTN *ki eˀ βi ‘peak/tip’< *ɡi e . toad PZPT *kʷ-etʲiˀ >COZ m-bi , MIZ beʣ, ISZ biʤiˀ; PCTN *kʷitiˀ > CTN kʷitʲiˀ bu i < *bɨ i PZPT *tʲuˀ- ‘mouth’ + PZPT *-n͈e ‘speak’ = *tʲuˀn͈e; PCTN *tuˀ- ‘mouth’, CTN ni ̃ ‘name’ = *tuˀni ̃ tʰune ‘tongue’ . tooth/pie e PZPT > *ki ˀto- ‘pierce’; PCTN *w-kihu ?> CTN kʷihʲu kiˀtʰ ‘tooth’ < *kiˀtʰu . tu e/ a e PZPT *(n-/k-/x-)et ͈a ‘cane’ (n-/k-/x- ‘nominal’) jutʰa ‘tube’ < *jɨtʰa > ATZ jet ͈ia, YAZ jetʰ, VAZ jetR, RCZ jɨRta; PCTN *(l-)iha > CTN lihʲa . tu ke PZPT *kʷ-etʲ-o > SBZ/YAZ be ʰʷ, SYZ be ʰ; CTN kʷitu ‘chicken’; also: AMG ki ʰon ‘chicken’ . up PZPT *tʲa-ˀa > ATZ raˀ, RCZ raˀa-, VAZ ʤaʔa; tʰa-kue PCTN *ita ˀ > CTN tʲa ˀ . th oat/ oi e . thu de /su 5 5. to gue/ outh+speak ɸiʤ < *pin u . u i e/sou pre-PZPT *iseˀ > PZPT *sieˀ ‘sour’ : PCTN *tieˀ; also: PZPT *n-içeˀ ͈ ‘urine’ > COZ ne , YAZ niçəˀ ͈ : PCTN *iseˀ ‘sour’> CTN ʃeˀ (CTN tʲiˀa ʃeˀ ‘urine’, lit.: ‘water+sour’) iz ‘urine’ <*i ̃se < *nise . u i ate SYZ oʒˀ, SBZ oʒaˀ, YAZ oʒəˀ suˀs The the eligious/ os ologi al asso iatio s of the “u as the a est al C eato deit as ell as of the jagua a d the thu de as a ifestatio s of the di i e po e o stitute e t al aspe ts i so e ultu es of No th este “outh A e i a ‘ei hel-Dol atoff 7 , F iede a & A o ha . Aspe ts of this o ld ie is also e ide t i the a haeologi al site of “a Agustí , i the “outhe Colo ia A des Cu illos . August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 6: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN PROTO-ZAPOTECAN, PROTO-CHATINO AND PAEZ7 P‘OTO-)APOTECAN/P‘OTO-CHATINO PAE) . ul a/fe ale PZPT *kos͈eˀ ‘female’ > COZ ɡo ; PCTN *kuteˀ; also COZ nɡuz ‘penis/fruit/egg’ . ate / i e PZPT *jawo ‘river’ > COZ ju, JUZ jo, SCZ jouˀ, juˀ ‘water’ < *jauˀ <*jawuˀ YAZ/SYZ jao . he e? PCTN *n-te > CTN n-de 5. zapote /paez kuʃ ‘vulva’ < *kuʃi m-tee PZPT *na ‘1.P.I’+ PZPT *sa ‘zapotec’ = *nasa nasa ‘we the zapotecs’; CTN la-ta ‘zapotec’ (CTN la ‘3.respectful’) . .P PZPT *wE, CTN kʷa kueˀ-ʃ (-ʃ ‘plural’) . .“ PZPT *naˀ > ISZ naˀa; CTN naˀ adʲ < *ad < *da . PZPT *liˀ > RCZ liˀ, VAZ leˀ, ISZ liˀi idʲ < *id < *li . flute CTN kuwi kuβʲ < *kuwi . fatt seed PZPT *ketʲe, PCTN *kite ‘pine’ kitʰ ‘peanut’ . peel PZPT *tuk͈ʷiˀ ‘peeled, naked, unprotected’ > tupʲ ‘peel’ < *tupi; tũpʲ JUZ tup͈iˀ, COZ tub (also: CTN tukʷiˀ ‘peel’, m- ‘peeled/naked’ < *m-tupi tukʷiˀ ‘peeled’; PZPT *tu ˀkʷiˀ ‘feather’ > SBZ dobeˀ) . ga de /g ass JUZ tul ͈a ‘coarse grass/zacatón’ tul ‘garden’ . SBZ/YAZ ʃbab ‘intelligence/mind’ papa ‘brain’ ai / i d . ope/i testi es 5. o a PZPT *toˀ ‘rope’, PCTN *n-hu > CTN hũ ‘rope’ me -tuˀʰ ‘intestine’ (lit.: ‘shit rope’, ime ‘shit’) PCTN * uˀ > CTN oˀ ‘woman/female kin’ uˀj < *juˀ . defe ate PCTN *(ki-/n-) uˀ ũ < *n- ʲu (n- nominal’) .gi d ZPT *k-u ˀ-, PCTN *n-ku > ko , kõ ũˀkʰ < *n-kʰuˀ (n- nominal’) . PZPT *l-/k-et ͈aˀ- ‘go down/descent/down’ kitʰe ‘bend’ . thi k YAZ/SBZ ake ja kʲ . hief/people PZPT *kʷ-en͈eˀ ‘people/family’ YAZ ben͈əˀ, SYZ kuene ‘bright/energy/wisdom’ ben͈ˀ, MIZ beʰn͈, ISZ bin͈i, COZ men; PCTN *kʷini > CTN kʷiɲi e d/ go do August Ma elo Jolkesk I spite that all atte pts to lassif the Paez la guages ha e failed u til o , I ould fi d so e o ust e ide e that Paez a d P oto-)apote a a e ge eti all elated. Co side i g the i te al e o st u tio s offe ed fo Paez, those la guages a e see as eal og ates, si e the o espo de es a d a e se a ti all p eli i a ost of the le i al pa allels fou d et ee ea e u e t pho ologi al elated. Based o the data p ese ted i Ta le , a a al sis of the pho ologi al o espo de e sets is offe ed i ello . TABLE 7: PHONOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE SETS BETWEEN PROTO-CHATINO, PROTO-ZAPOTEC, PRE-PAEZ AND PAEZ P‘OTOCHATINO *k͈ʷ *kʷ *ɡʷ *kʷ *kʷ *kʷ P‘OTO)APOTEC *k͈ʷ, *kʷ *w *kʷ P‘E-PAE) PAE) IN“TANCE“ ɸ /#_i 33, 66, 98 p /elsewhere 20, 32, 40, 50, 52, 56, 69, 78, 90, 91, 111 *w /_u, _i ∅ 73, 103 *w /elsewhere w 25, 48, 58, 86 *p *b /_ɨ, _u b, ∅ 81, 94 *b /[nasal]_ m 5, 11 *b /elsewhere w 2, 3, 31, 37, 75, 76, 77, 80, 83 *k͈ *k, h *k͈, *k *kʰ kʰ 8, 17, 36, 41, 59, 68, 79, 117 *k *k *k *k k 14, 30, 51, 60, 65, 67, 84, 86, 96, 102, 110, 118 *ɡ *t ͈ʲ *tʲ *k *t *t *k *t ͈ʲ, *tʲ *tʲ *b /_ɨ, _u b, ∅ 24, 34 *b /[nasal]_ m 26, 53, 64, 72 *b /elsewhere β /_i 39, 93 w /elsewhere 54, 55, 70, 82 *tʲʰ tʲʰ /_i 90 tʰ /elsewhere 4, 16, 25, 29, 38, 95, 99, 110 * /_u ʤ /[nasal]_ 98 *tʲ /elsewhere dʲ /[nasal]_ 13 tʲ /elsewhere 1, 5, 46 /elsewhere - *dʲ *j *j *j j 15, 36, 40, 44, 46, 55, 57, 103 *t ͈ *h *t ͈, *t *tʰ tʰ 13, 67, 96, 97, 118 *t *h *t * /_i *t /elsewhere *d * ͈ ʲ, * ʲ *n * *n *ts͈, * *d * ʲ(ʰ) 6 t 7, 89, 111, 114 dʲ /i_#, ɨ_# 10, 21 d /elsewhere 23, 35, 43, 107 tʲ(ʰ) /_i 51, 57, 79 ʰ /elsewhere ( ) 34, 39, 42, 63, 116 August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 7: PHONOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE SETS BETWEEN PROTO-CHATINO, PROTO-ZAPOTEC, PRE-PAEZ AND PAEZ P‘OTOCHATINO * ͈ * *ts * , *s P‘OTO)APOTEC * ͈, * * P‘E-PAE) * (ʰ) z /[nasal]_ 91 s /elsewhere 23, 60, 70, 72, 87 h 3, 19, 39, 43, 68, 114 *s͈ *t *s͈, *s * (ʰ) *s *ç,͈ *ç 14, 52, 93 ʰ /elsewhere *s /elsewhere *h *s͈ʲ 9, 10, 48, 66, 75 6 ∅ *s ʰ /._i ( ) ( ) ʃ ∅ *t ʰ /._i 40, 92 ( ) 2, 6, 18, 64, 82 ( ) ʰ /elsewhere *ʃ /._i ʃ 102 *s /elsewhere z /[nasal]_ 11, 100 s /elsewhere 85, 105 * (ʰ) /._e ( ) ʰ 45, 61 ( ) ( ) 59, 78 * ʲ ʰ /elsewhere tʲ ʰ /_i ʰ /elsewhere ( ) *sʲ *s *zʲ *s *l ͈ *l *l *n͈, *l *n *ç *ç,͈ *ç *l ͈ *l *n͈, *n *a *a 65 *s /_e s 84 *sʲ /elsewhere ʃ 20, 21, 37, 50, 88 *j j 58, 74, 97 *dʲ /i_, _i, _e dʲ 19, 22, 31, 41, 108 *d /_u d 28 *l /elsewhere l 54, 81 *l ∅ /#_a 16, 89 l /elsewhere 1, 46, 56, 63, 69, 92 ni, ∅i ̃ /_i 18, 61 m /_b 5, 11 n /elsewhere 15, 27, 46, 47, 53, 95, 105 a 2, 4, 15, 16, 17, 20, 25, 29, 32, 35, 39, 40, *n *n *a IN“TANCE“ *ʃ /i_ *h *s PAE) *a 42, 44, 54, 56, 78, 80, 82, 89, 97, 99, 105, 107 *æ *a *a *e e 1, 20, 30, 38, 48, 83, 87, 106, 118 *e *e *e *e e 3, 11, 12, 16, 26, 31, 34, 37, 38, 56, 58, 69, 70, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 86, 90 *i *i *e *e e 3, 9, 55, 70 *i *i *e e 8, 45, 47, 62, 74, 84 *i *i *i i 1, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19, 21, 22, 30, 33, 35, 39, 40, 51, 53, 59, 61, 66, 68, 73, 75, 78, 91, 94, 96, 100, 108, 111 August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 7: PHONOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE SETS BETWEEN PROTO-CHATINO, PROTO-ZAPOTEC, PRE-PAEZ AND PAEZ P‘OTOCHATINO *o *u *u P‘OTO)APOTEC P‘E-PAE) *o *u PAE) *u *u *u IN“TANCE“ ∅ /_# 59, 64, 96, 98, 103 u /elsewhere 2, 7, 11, 24, 25, 28, 50, 74, 85, 91, 114 ∅ /_# 6, 23, 27, 51, 65, 102, 111 u /elsewhere 34, 36, 57, 58, 60, 65, 72, 84, 86, 95, 102, 116, 117 *ɨ *i *e ∅ /_# *ɨ 46, 60, 81, 88, 94, 97 u /elsewhere *i *e *i ∅ /_# 5, 8, 26, 27, 40, 41, 43, 49, 52, 64, 76, 88, i /elsewhere 93, 98, 110 The follo i g Cha t is ased o the a al sis sho te tati e e o st u tio of the pho ologi al s ste i Ta le 7 a d ep ese ts a of the o o a esto of p e-Paez a d P oto-)apote a : CHART 2: PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF THE COMMON ANCESTOR BETWEEN PRE-PAEZ AND PROTO-ZAPOTECAN CONSONANTS [–cont] [–soan] [+cont] [+soan] [–son] [+son] [–son] [+son] [–lat] [+lat] [+coronal] [–coronal] t, ʦ d, ʣ s z n l k ɡ h [+high] [–high] C͈ (fortition) ONSET SUPRASEGMENTS [–arred] VOWELS [–ant] i e æ ɨ u a o [–low] [+low] V (lenght) RHYME SUPRASEGMENTS CV (vocalization)16 [+arred] [+ant] Vˀ (glotalization) Fo so e le i al pa allels, the e a e pho e es ea i g o e u e t o espo de es. These a ep ese t i et u attested ut e u e t sou d o espo de es, ii u p edi ta le sou d ha ges, o e e that those le i al pa allels ep ese t iii loa s o i o - og ates. It’s i po ta t to e phasize that fu the esea h is eeded, though. Befo e goi g fu the o the topi of Oto a guea i flue e i “outh A e i a, I’d like to d a atte tio to p o a le Ma a loa s i Paez fou d e, sho i Ta le . Vo alized o so a ts ea i g the o - o o al featu e su fa ed as la ialized ◌ʷ , he eas those ea i g the o o al featu e su fa ed as palatalized ◌ʲ . August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 8: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN MAYAN AND PAEZ MAYAN PAEZ pM *ʔu l > TOJ/QAN ulul ‘atole’ luˀl ‘grind waterly food’ i d/ o k EM+ *pi tʲˀ ‘bird’ pih ‘cock’ lood/flesh pM *kikˀ ‘blood’ > PCh * ˀi ˀ i ‘flesh’ utte fl pM *pehpen > PCh *pehpem mehme o pM *ʔiʃiʔm > PCh *ʔiʃim sʲib dee /lio pM *kehχ > PCh * iχ ‘deer/horse’ ʃi ̃ʔh ‘lion’ fathe pM *ta taʔ tata house/ illage EM *kabˀal ‘house’ > WAS abal ladde /high LL+Was *ʔehbˀ > WASw ʔe b ẽ li e pM *ʔiʔ ˀ ‘alive, awaken’ ɸiʔze ‘life, living’ ou tai pM *wi > PCh *wi βi ouse GM *ʔi ˀ ɸi ʰ old pM *ri χ > TZO/TOJ jiχ ĩʃ path/ idge pM *bˀe h ‘path’ > POP/AKA bˀeh weh ‘bridge’ Pleiades/Via La tea EM+Hue *moʔo ‘Pleiades’ > KCHk mos, PCH mo , POP/QAN mo ãʔ-muʃ ‘Via Lactea’ (ãʔ ‘star’) CM *mus ‘drizzle’ > PCh *mus nus ‘rain’ WM *kˀintum kʲtʰũ s < *kitʰ-ũ s (ũ s ‘spirit’) shi e/ ello pM *lem ‘shine’ > PCh *lem lem ‘yellow’ shoot/ lo gu EM+ *puhbˀ ‘blowgun’ > PQM puhbˀal ũhpa ‘shoot’ teat EM+* u ʔ/* u teat/sto a h CM *tuʔ ‘mother/teat’ > MCH -tu tu ʔ, PCH -tut tutʲ ‘stomach’ tho /tooth pM *kˀiʔʃ ‘thorn’ > WASw kˀi th kiʔtʰ ‘tooth’ to a o pM *mahʲ wãhʲ hat EM *k-eh ki ̃h ea /sta pM *haʔbˀ ‘year’ > PCh *habˀ ãʔ ‘star’ atole/ ate food ai ai o ‘mother/teat’ > KCH/IXL u 7 ʰab ‘village’ uʔ ‘teat’ August Ma elo Jolkesk . . OTOMANGUEAN AND OTHE‘ LANGUAGE“ F‘OM NW “OUTH-AME‘ICA Besides the a o e, the e a e also a good a ou t of le i al o espo de es elati g the Oto a guea sto k a d La guage Fa ilies hose speake s e e settled at least si e the XV e tu AD i Lo la ds that lies to the east of the No the follo s I ill sho the data fo ea h of the . It o pa iso s a e still p eli i a • A des Mou tai s. I hat ust e oted, ho e e , that these a d shall e fu the add essed i the futu e. “ALIBAN-HOTI I o side that the e a e so e o ust pa allels et ee Oto a guea a d Duho, ost et ee the Weste -Oto a guea a d the “ali a -Hoti a hes, as see i Ta le . TABLE 9: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN WESTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI .“ WE“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN “ALIBAN-HOTI MTZ tu-h-, TWK to-, OTM d- PSLB * -/*-d,HTI -t, BTO rPIA tʰɯ, MKO ɯtʰɯ TWK ki[t]-, OTM ɡ-; POTM *kʔ(e) PSLB *kʷ-> SLB kʷ-, k-, ɡ-, BTO h- .“/i pe ati e MTZ ʔí-h- ‘2.S’ PIA -ih, -iʔ ‘IMP’ .P MTZ *-tˀə-hə PSLB *-tʰ > PIA/MKO -tʰ, SLB -h; PIA hituhah, SLB hituha; see also: PIA tɨhãʔ ‘human being’ .“ MTZ ku-h-; also: POTP *khoˀ ‘who’ PSLB *kʰ-> PIA kʰ-, MKO h-, SLB x- POTP *-pi, OTM b- ‘3.S’ HTI bi-, MKO b-, PIA/SLB pi- ‘this’; also: BTO ub(i)- ‘3.P’ TPN jaũ, SBT jaŋṹ ‘arm’ SLB ako ‘branch’ TPN idiʔ, SBT idí ‘ashes’ HTI ini-o ‘ashes’ (-o ‘CLF.tiny’); SLB/PIA idi ‘dirt’ CRT si SLB te (- e) (SLB - e ‘CLS.elongate’) ‘belly’ .“ /this a / a h ashes/di t ell /guts HTI ʰkæ, MKO ɯkʷɯ PSLB *-kʰ ‘3.S.F’ > PIA -kʰ, MKO -h, SLB -x SLB ite(-bo) (HTI -bo ‘CLS.tubular’) HTI te(-bo) ‘guts’ (HTI -bo ‘CLS.tubular’) ell -li e TPN ɡikó ‘liver’ HTI ekʲo ‘belly’ SLB ikooʔ ‘stomach’ August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 9: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN WESTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI WE“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN “ALIBAN-HOTI POTP *n-koe > OTM nɡø, MAZ ŋɡeʔe, NP -ŋɡwɛˀ ‘meat’ SLB kʷaʔu, HTI iʰkʷə-, PIA ukʷɤha utte fl TPN ʃ-pihpi/bihpi PIA pʰerepʰa hest/hea t POTP *mʉ ‘heart’ > OTP mʉi, MAZ mʉbˀʉ HDI me(e), PIA ami, MKO omu, SLB omi-xẽ ‘chest’ hild CH ni, OTP ni’i, NPO naʔi SLB nẽ , HTI ini ̃ hili/ edi i e SP tetˀe, CH tarˀi, NP stadɛ, OTM ˀjẽtʰi, MAZ ɲẽ hẽ ‘medicine’ HTI lãʰte, PIA rathe, SLB tare, MKO laɗi ‘chili’ o POTP *nhõamh; CPN ndoma; CRT nahma/ɲuhmi PIA ɲãmẽ/ɲamuɯ, MKO ɲõmu, SLB ʤomo, BTO romu, HTI ʰtãbu u e/sha a CRT n-juuha ‘shaman’ HTI ju, PIA juu ‘cure’ die TPN na-kʰajuũ; SBT ɡa-ɡájũ SLB kae, HTI ʰkai d i k/li uid TPN ɡuwã ‘chicha’ TPN -ʔwã ‘drink’ SLB oɡwā ‘drink’, SLB oʔwā ‘wet’ d i k/ ate POTP *haoˀ ‘drink’ > NP haoˀ PIA au, MKO ou ‘drink’; HTI au ‘water’ eat TPN ʔkʰu PIA/MKO ku, HTI ʰku- t ee/ ha oal CRT ɲa ‘tree’ SLB iɲa ‘charcoal’ fi e TPN aɡuʔ, SBT áɡu ‘fire’; also: TPN skoʔ ‘flame’ HTI ʰku-, PIA oku-, MKO ɯkwɯ ‘fire’ flesh MTZ *ini HTI ɨ ̃nɛ, PIA -ide-, MKO -ite-, SLB de flou /dough TPN ʃuwaʔ ‘dough’ HTI ʰjowã, SLB hʷã ‘flour’; MKO ʰõma ‘powder’ gou d/ ase POTP *mõ ‘gourd’ SLB -mõ ‘CLF.vase’, HTI bo ‘vase’ hai /leaf POTP *si ‘hair/leaf’ PIA - ʔe ‘CLF.hair’ head TPN edʒu , SBT é ú ‘head’ (see also: CRT *hu ‘high’) PIA u, MKO u-ʤu, SLB i-ʤu, HTI ʰtu ‘head’ (MKO -ʤu, SLB - u ‘CLF.round’) hea /ea POTP *n-kão > MZT nɡõˀõ, OTM ɡũ ‘ear’, TPN tʃaʔhũ/jaʔhũ ‘ear’ HTI ãku, PIA æ̃ hũkũ; SLB -xõ ‘CLF.ear’ lood/ eat ‘blood’ August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 9: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN WESTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI WE“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN “ALIBAN-HOTI hea /ea MZT nɡõˀõ, OTM ɡũ, PMTZ *n ɵ, TPN tʃaʔhũ/jaʔhũ, SBT jáũ ‘ear’ SLB -ãxõ-xõ (-xo ‘CLF.oval’), PIA -æ̃ hã ‘ear’; PIA –æ̃ hũkũ ‘hear’ hea t TPN ami SLB omẽã (see also: PIA ami ‘chest’) hot TPN ɾuʔwa/duʔwa SLB duwa-ˀda, PIA duaʔa-, MKO tuba ‘hot’ house POTP *tˀo-s (POTP -s ‘stem formative’) > MAZ tˀoʃʉ, NP lˀos, SP ntˀus, OTM tˀóʃi, CH urˀos HTI/PIA ido-, SLB ito(-xu) (-xu ‘CLF.hollow/round’), MKO õdo leaf/g ass POTM *mhi ‘leaf’ > MTZ/OCU mhi MKO/PIA mehe, HTI me/meʰkʲe ‘grass, savannah’ li uid/ho e TPN majũ ‘river’ HTI maɲo, PIA umaju, MKO wãʤõ ‘honey’ li e/gi e i th POTP *mi/*menʔ ‘give birth’ > OTM mi, CH imẽ HTI me ‘live’ ale POTP *me ‘man’ PIA ubɤ, SLB ũbe ‘man’, SLB -be ‘CLN.man’ a io /potato SP pikiw, CH pikũ, OTM bɵkˀwã ‘potato’ SLB pikia ‘manioc’ oo POTP *mˀãoˀ > NP mˀãoˀ SLB beho ou tai NPO lˀewɛ ‘mountain’ HTI ilæ̃ wã, PIA inawa ‘mountain’, MKO inawa ‘stone’ ose POTM *ni ̃o > MAZ ʃihɲũ, OTM ʃijũ, SP ʃiɲu ‘nose’ PIA tʃɨ ̃hi ̃-jũ, SLB ixū ̃́ , HTI i ̃ɲo/ɲo, MKO i ʰũ; ‘nose’ (MKO -ʤũ, PIA -jũ ‘CLF.protruding’) P.hu a MTZ *-hə PIA -hah, SLB -ha path POTP *pẽnʔi ̃o PIA mænæ, SLB maana, BTO/MKO/HDI mana people POTP *ho ‘witch’ POTP *-hoi ‘p.hum’ HTI ho, MKO ho-ho, SLB ho-xo ‘human being’ (SLB -xo ‘CLF.human’) pe so POTP *te ‘person’ MKO i-te, PIA (i)-de, SLB de- ‘person’ potato/ o TPN iʃiʔ/ehʃi ‘corn’ SLB e e ‘potato’ (also: PIA duwo, HTI ʰtuwɤ ‘summer’) August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 9: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN WESTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI WE“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN “ALIBAN-HOTI POTP *hjẽ PIA ahe, MKO ohʷe, SLB óxē- HTI he‘river’ see/e e POTP *paohˀ ‘see’ > NP -ppahoˀ SLB paxu ‘eyes’ sit TPN (ʔ)ɡi SLB iɡ̃́ ski / lothes TPN ʃta/ʃtoo PIA i ̃hẽtã, HTI hedo-, MKO iɲẽdõ ‘skin’ sleep/la do POTP *ˀo-mˀ ‘lay down’ > MAZ ˀobˀʉ, OTM ˀoi HTI abu, MKO abɯ, PIA æʔɯ, SLB ae s ake CRT *kuʔ HTI ehko, PIA ækʰa so POTP *tʔi, TPN ihi ̃ PIA i ̃tʰi ̃, MKO i ̃tʰi ̃, HTI ili ̃ spi it/ it h TPN kagu; NP kahó, CH káhó ‘witch’ SLB kaõ-hã ‘spirit’ sto e POTP *to, MTZ *ninto ‘stone’ HTI iʰto/iʰtɤ, PIA ido- ‘stone’ su /da POTP *hiat ‘sun’ HTI ʰkʲato ‘day’ that MTZ *tˀə (3.S); TWK nti HTI de-3.S i e ‘sleep’ HTI ʰkaho-hã ‘imortal being’ HTI di-, tə-(aquele) SLB -di PIA diʔ (quem) MKO ite 3.S.M HTI dæ 3.S.M MKO ti (quem) to gue/speak POTP *i ̃nã ‘speak’ PIA/HTI ine ‘tongue’, MKO ine ‘tongue/language’, MKO -ne ‘CLN.tongue’, BTO ine-ka ‘tongue’ tooth/ ite TPN ijũ, SBT síjũ ‘tooth’ PIA jɯ̃ , HTI ɲiju, SLB ɲia ‘bite’ tooth/ ose TPN ɾakʰoo; SBT dakó ‘nose’ PIA -akʰu, HTI -uhku, SLB -oʔxu ‘tooth’ t ee/ ood POTP *tʔãot ‘wood’ HTI ʰtau ‘tree.P’; PIA dau, MKO towi ‘tree’ t o MTZ nowi, NP noi BTO edoi TPN ijaʔ, SBT íja PIA ahija ‘water’, HTI ʰju ‘liquid (potable)’ ate August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 9: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN WESTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI WE“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN “ALIBAN-HOTI hat TPN di PIA ti-, MKO di-, HTI ʰti- ‘what’; PIA diʔ ‘who’ he e/LOC TPN na ‘where’ HTI -na/-ne/-nɯ, MKO -nɯ ‘LOC’ SLB -na, PIA -næ ‘instr’ i d TPN gijuʔⁿ HTI ʰkʸo o a TPN aʔɡo/ɡoʔo; SBT -aɡu /ɡu; POTP *sõ/*co ‘wife’ > OCU hu, MAZ suˀu, CH masu HTI ãu ‘woman’; PIA -ahu, MKO -uhu The e a e also so e good pa allels “ali a -Hoti a hes, as see i Ta le ‘CLF.woman’; SLB ɲu-xu/ɲa-xu, BTO ro ‘woman’; HTI ʰlu ‘wife’ et ee the Easte -Oto a guea a d the . TABLE 10: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN EASTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI EA“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN “ALIBAN-HOTI .“ PMZT *he, PZPT *he SLB h- (3.M),PIA hi- ‘3.that’, BTO ihe; also: PSLB *kʰ- ‘3.S.F’ > PIA -kʰ-, MKO -h-, SLB -x-; PSLB *-kʰ ‘3.S.F’ .“/this PMZT *kwi HTI bi-(este), MKO b-, PIA/SLB pi-(este) BTO ub(i)-(3P) a PMZT *tjha > thia PIA tʃihe ell PPPL *ixku ‘belly’ HTI ekʲo, PIA ikua, MKO ukua ‘belly’; SLB ikooʔ ‘stomach’ ell /guts MTK ti i, ii; PPPL * eʔe, PZPT *Leʔe; also: PMZT *nceʔe ‘guts’, PMZT *nteʔe ‘buttocks’ SLB te (- e) (SLB - e ‘CLS.elongate’) ‘belly’; SLB ite(-bo) (HTI -bo ‘CLS.tubular’), HTI te(-bo) ‘guts’ (HTI -bo ‘CLS.tubular’) hest/hea t PMZT *ʔmẽ ‘chest’ HDI me(e), PIA ami, MKO omu, SLB omi-xẽ ‘chest’ hili/salt PZPT *zedeʔ ‘salt’ HTI lãʰte, PIA rathe, SLB tare, MKO laɗi ‘chili’ hili/spi PZPT *ɡiʔinaʔ ‘chili’ SLB iʔda ‘spicy’ loud PZPT *kwawi HTI ʰkʷa August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 10: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN EASTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI EA“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN “ALIBAN-HOTI PMZT *ɲãhmẽ/*ɲũhmẽ, PZPT *ɟobaʔ; PPPL *nahme/*ɲuhme PIA ɲãmẽ/ɲamuɯ, MKO ɲõmu, SLB ʤomo, BTO romu, HTI ʰtãbu die PMZT *keʔẽ SLB kae, HTI ʰkai di t PZPT *di SLB/PIA idi ‘dirt’; HTI ini-o ‘ashes’ (-o ‘CLF.tiny’) di k PMZT *ʔju ‘drinkable’ HTI ju ‘drink (n.)’ ea th/floo PZPT *beNe ‘earth’ BTO umena ‘earth’, SLB ubena ‘on the floor’; also: MKO bena, HTI bɤna ‘here’ fathe PMZT *(nã-)ʔai ̃ HTI ae, PIA -æɤ, SLB ae ‘father’; HTI ai ‘fathers’ fi e/ha d PMTK *ʔom ‘five’ SLB ūmo, PIA ũmu, BTO umo, HTI bõ ‘hand’ gou d PMZT *nã- u, PPPL * u SLB -ɟu ‘CLF.container’ high/head PPPL *hũ PIA u, MKO u-ʤu, SLB i-ʤu, HTI ʰtu ‘head’ (MKO ʤu, SLB - u ‘CLF.round’) PMZT *shue ‘hot’ SLB duwa-ˀda, PIA duaʔa-, MKO tuba ‘hot’ (also: PIA duwo, HTI ʰtuwɤ ‘summer’) IN“T‘/LOC PZPT *na/*ne/*no ‘INSTR’ SLB -na, PIA -næ ‘INSTR’; HTI -na/-ne/-nɯ, MKO nɯ ‘LOC’ leaf/field PCNT *mi h ‘plain’ MKO/PIA mehe, HTI me/meʰkʲe ‘field, savannah’ leaf/fo est PMZT *-hɲã HTI ʰja, PIA ɤhijæ, MKO i ̃ɲa- ‘leaf’ li e/hu a ei g PMZT *hmi ̃ ‘human being’ HTI me ‘live’ ale PMZT *nã-ʔmi ̃ ‘father’ PIA ubɤ, SLB ũbe ‘man’, SLB -be ‘CLN.man’ oo PZPT *beʔwuʔ SLB beho othe PZPT *nana SLB náʔnā ou tai /sto e PMZT *ni ̃-ntu ‘mountain’ HTI iʰto/iʰtɤ, PIA ido- ‘stone’ outh/hole PMZT *ʔa ‘hole’ HTI/MKO a, PIA æ, SLB aha ‘mouth’ o hot/su e August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 10: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN EASTERN OTOMANGUEAN AND SALIBAN-HOTI EA“TE‘N OTOMANGUEAN “ALIBAN-HOTI a e PMZT *ʔmi ̃ PIA imi ea PMZT *tjiɲã SLB ɟena ‘here’ et PMZT *ntaʔja HTI dijæ, PIA i ʰ-æja, SLB tesia ose/tooth PMZT *ni ̃-ʔɲũ ‘tooth’ PIA tʃɨ ̃hi ̃-jũ, SLB ixū ̃́ , HTI i ̃ɲo/ɲo, MKO i ʰũ ‘nose’ (MKO -ʤũ, PIA -jũ ‘CLF.protruding’) o e/t o PMZT *thũ ‘first’ HTI hãtõhã, PIA tãhũ, SLB tũhũ- ‘two’ path/ea th PZPT *neza ‘path’ HTI nedʌ ‘earth’ people MTK o ‘we’ HTI ho, MKO ho-ho, SLB ho-xo ‘human being’ (SLB -xo ‘CLF.human’) potato/ o PMZT *n e ‘corn’ SLB e e ‘potato’ i e PMZT *nta-ʃhe PIA ahe, MKO ohʷe, SLB óxē- HTI he- ‘river’ i e PMTK *nda, PPPL *ntaʔ SLB -to ‘CLF.liquid’, MKU -(ɯ)dɯ ‘CLF.river’ ski / lothes PMTK *xetu ‘clothes’ PIA i ̃hẽtã, HTI hedo-, MKO iɲẽdõ ‘skin’ s ake PMTK *ʔko, PPPL *ku HTI ehko s ui el/ at PMTK *kweyu̱ʔ ‘squirrel’ HTI ʰkʷayu-wã, SLB kʷãi ̃xu-ɡa ‘bat’ that PZPT *deʔ HTI de-, SLB -di ‘3.S’ also: MKO ite ‘3.S.M’, HTI dæ ‘3.S.M’, HTI di- ‘that’, PIA diʔ ‘who’, MKO ti “who’ to gue/speak PMZT *ʔnẽ ‘language/word’ PIA/HTI ine ‘tongue’, MKO ine ‘tongue/language’, MKO -ne ‘CLN.tongue’, BTO ine-ka ‘tongue’ t o PZPT *tubi BTO edoi hat PZPT *ʤi PIA ti-, MKO di-, HTI ʰti- ‘what’; also: PIA diʔ ‘who’ hite MZT tia ‘white’ PIA teaa ‘white/yellow’, SLB dea ‘white/light’, BTO (koko)-siaho ‘white’ o a PMZT * hũ PIA -ahu, MKO -uhu, SLB -xu ‘CLF.woman’, HTI ãu ‘woman’; also: BTO ro ‘woman’, HTI ʰlu ‘wife’ It’s also o th oti g that the e a e ese la es fo the fi st a d se o d pe so s o phe es et ee Otopa ea , “ali a a d Paez, as sho elo : August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 11: PRONOMINAL PARALLELISMS BETWEEN OTOPAMEAN, SALIBA AND PAEZ OTOMI CHICHIMECO TLAHUICA “ALIBA ti-nú ti-n e se-d-a 1.S-see 1.S-see 1.S-cry cry-1.S-REAL 1.S-come-REAL cry-1.S.PRES ‘I saw’ ‘I see’ ‘I cry’ ‘I cry/cried’ ‘I come/came’ ‘I cry’ ki-nú ku-n e se-kʷ-a k-om-a ũˀne-ɡ 2.S-see 2.S-cry cry-2.S-REAL 2.S-come-REAL cry-2.S.PRES ‘You cry’ ‘You cry/cried’ ‘You come/came’ ‘You cry’ .“ di ́-nü .“ ɡi ́-nü 2.S-see ‘You saw’ ‘You see’ PAE) -om-a ũˀne-tʰ Muntzel (1986), Slocum (1986), Estrada Ramirez (1996) • TUCANOAN I a p eli i a o pa iso , sho i Ta le , the e a e so e p o isi g pa allels et ee Oto a guea a d Tu a oa la guages. TABLE 12: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND TUCANOAN OTOMANGUEAN TUCANOAN ETKN *kome ‘axe’ POTP *koa-m' ‘knife’, POTP *coen ‘axe’ ee ETKN *momi PCNT *mi ʔ/*mɨ ʔ ‘wasp’ > mumɨʔ ell ETKN *pa(-ro) POTP *m-pao u ETKN *soe POTP *coet, PZPT *ʒuwi; also: PMZT *shue ‘hot’ u /fi e WTKN *ˀɨo ‘burn’ POTP *n-io ‘fire’ ha oal/ u PTKN *neo ‘charcoal’ POTP *nãonʔ ‘burn’ ha oal/light PTKN *nitti ‘charcoal’ POTP *neti ‘light’; PMZT *ntjiʔi ‘fire’ hild KRG ˀɟi ̃i, SIO ˀzi ̃ , SEK zi ̃ OTM ¢’e, n¢’ẽ’ hili PTKN *pˀia CNT mɨʔõ; also: PCNT *mɨ ‘medicine’ loud/ ai SIO/SEK sidi ‘cloud’ PMZT *sci ‘rain’ otto /th ead PTKN *jɨi ‘cotton’, TKN joo ‘thread’ PMTK *juʔwe ‘thread’, CRT ɲui ‘rope’, TPN jũ ‘rope’, PMZT *(nã-)ʔɲũ ‘rope’; also: PCNT *ʔjɨ ‘net’, PCNT *ŋi ‘thread’ >ŋji, TPN jo ‘net’ WTKN *hũˀi PCNT *hũŋ > hũʔni, hũj a e/k ife die August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 12: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND TUCANOAN OTOMANGUEAN TUCANOAN ea PTKN *kʔãpʔo > KRG/SEK kãho, SIO k’ãho POTP *n-kão eat ETKN *ba(ˀ) PCNT *ma egg/so PTKN * ʔia ‘egg’ POTP *tʔi ‘son’; also: PCNT *zia ‘grandson’ fat ETKN *ɨˀse PMTK *seʔe̱ fathe / WTKN *ai ‘grandfather’ PMZT *(nã-)ʔai ̃ ‘father’ (nã- ‘nominal prefix’) fo est PTKN *maka PCNT *maʔ ‘tree’ + PCNT *ʔŋa ‘forest’ = *maʔʔŋa go ETKN *waˀ POTP *wa head PTKN * ˀɨ-po ‘head’, PTKN * ˀɨse ‘mouth’ PCNT *zi ‘head’; also: PMZT *thi ‘round’ hea t WTKN *a-wɨ ‘heart’ PCNT *ʔa ‘heart’ > ʔauʔ ‘your heart’ he PTKN *ta > WTKN *taja PMZT *nteja/*nteʔe, POTP *tʔe house PTKN *wɨʔe PCNT *hwɨ ‘village’; PMTK *weʔyi ‘house’ jagua PTKN *jai PCNT *ʔja ʔ k ee PTKN *jɨ ̃ka PMZT *tjku li e / hest PTKN * ˀeme ‘liver’ POTP *timi ̃a ‘chest’; PCNT *mɨʔ ‘liver’ a PTKN *ɨmɨ PMZT *hmi ̃- ‘human being’, POTP *mi ‘be born’ eat/a i al PTKN *waʔi ‘fish/meat’ POTP *mpaiʔ ‘animal’ outh WTKN *jɨˀo- PMTK *yuʔuʔ, MZT *ncuʔwa, PCNT *siu HLH ‘lips’ a e/speak PTKN *mami ‘name’ POTP *mãm ‘speak’; also: PMZT *ʔmi ̃ ‘name’ a el PTKN * õpʔɨ > WTKN * õhõ POTP *cʔaomʔ, PMZT *ʃuʔu ight PTKN *jãbi ̃ POTP *sãom > MTZ ʃɵmi WTKN *teʔe POTP *tʔa g a dfathe o e August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 12: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND TUCANOAN OTOMANGUEAN TUCANOAN pai /poiso PTKN *eo ‘fishing poison’ POTP *ʔio ‘pain’ path/ea th PTKN *ma ‘path’ TPN mba ‘earth’ pe a / eat WTKN *jaˀo ‘peccary’ PMZT *jahu ‘meat’ pe is/ aize PTKN *no-(ni) ‘penis’ PMTK *noniʔ ‘maize’ people/sha a PTKN *pˀãtsã ‘people’ POTP *pãt ‘shaman’ fish poiso / PTKN *tjima ‘fish poison’; TKN nima ‘curare’ POTP *ti ̃/*nim ‘drunk’; also: PMZT *(ti)ʔmẽ ‘sick’ du k ai o WTKN *daˀja(-meku) (WTKN *meko ‘eel’) PMZT *nteʔja; also: POTP *thai ‘bow’ ai o /eel WTKN *meko ‘eel’ PCNT *kũ ‘rainbow’ > hmɨkɨ ̃, mɨkũh ‘rainbow’ i e /path PTKN * ʔia ‘river’ PMZT *n-tija ‘path’; TPN ijaʔ/ijoʔ, SBT íja ‘water’; also: POTP *hjẽ ‘river’ sa /to gue WTKN *kɨa-hi ‘say’ POTP *khi ̃ahne, PMZT *nã-hẽi ̃ ‘tongue’ see PTKN *i ̃jã PZPT *wijaʔ sha a /jagua PTKN *jai ‘jaguar/shaman/chief’ POTP *n-'iãi-m, PZPT *ʒaʔ ‘shaman’ speak/ oi e KRG ʤii, MAK/ORE ji ‘speak’ PZPT *t ͈ʲiʔi ‘voice’; also: PCNT *sɨ ʔ ‘tongue’ spide PTKN *waˀu PCNT *ʔu ʔ > kwaʔuʔ su / oo WTKN *ɨ ̃sɨˀɨ ‘sun’ PCNT *sɨ ʔ ‘moon’; also: PCNT *hjɨ ‘light’ > si, sɨ s eet-potato PTKN *jãpi PMTK *jaʔmi/*ɲaʔmi i e/s ake PTKN *pˀi ̃si ‘vine’ PZPT *(ɡo-)kʷisEʔ ‘snake’ (ko- ‘nominal prefix’) > o a PTKN *tʔõmi POTP *sõ, CRT numi, PMZT * hũ; also: POTP *tõʔmh ‘sow’ o a /fe ale PTKN *-kˀo ‘female’ TPN eʔɡu/aʔɡo ‘woman’ o ke 7 August Ma elo Jolkesk • JI‘AJA‘AN Ta le la guages, p ese ts so e p o isi g pa allels et ee Ji aja a a d Oto a guea ost elati g to the Otopa ea a h. TABLE 13: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND JIRAJARAN (AYAMAN) LANGUAGE OTOMANGUEAN JI‘AJA‘AN AYAMAN .“. PMZT *ʔã a-, ã- <a-, an-> .“. PMZT *ʃi- ‘that’ si- POTP *tho dóu, doux ell POTP *mpao (a-)bagú lood POTP *khi > kikhe hi-guí, his-kí, ibi-gui hild/ eatu e OTM ¢’e ‘child’; PMZT *ce ‘new’ tschég ‘creature’ dee / eat POTP *nkoe ‘meat’ > OTM nɡɵ, MAZ ŋɡeˀe, NP ŋɡwɛˀ agüí [agʷi], agui [aɡi] ‘deer’ do e PMZT *tuhu tojos [tohos] ea POTP *n-kão > OTM ɡũ, MAZ nɡõˀõ (a-)(gi-)guo, (a-)(ki-)huo (*ki ‘face’) eat POTP *ni ̃aonʔ ñan e e/e elash PZPT *ɡidi ‘eyelash’ (a-)(ki-)nguici ‘eye’ (*ki ‘face’) e e/see POTP *paohʔ ‘see’ (a-)(ki-)baux, (a-)(ki-)vóugh ‘eye’ (*ki ‘face’) fi e/ u POTP *coet ‘burn’ due, du ‘fire’ gou d OTP komoʔ, PMTK *kɨmʔ kub hai PZPT *ɡ-i aʔ-, TPN hᵑgiʔʃa (a-)(tog-)isásh, (tog-)is (tog ‘head’) head PCNT *ki -gi <*ki ‘face’ i testi e POTP *phoi; CRT mpuhuj ‘buttocks’ (a-)poh jagua /fo POTP *n-ʔio ‘dog’ > OTM ʔjo, MAZ dʲˀoˀo; TPN ijãʔ/ijuʔⁿ ‘fox’ yu/llu ‘jaguar’ li e /to gue TPN ʃkiɡa/ʃkiɡoo, SBT ɡikó/ɡiká ‘liver’ (a-)giga ‘tongue’ PMZT *ntusce ‘potato’ dox [doʃ] ‘maize’ a adillo aize/potato August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 13: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN OTOMANGUEAN AND JIRAJARAN (AYAMAN) LANGUAGE OTOMANGUEAN JI‘AJA‘AN AYAMAN aize/potato SP pikiw, CH pikũ ‘potato’ pigüio ‘maize’ eat/a i al PMZT * u ‘animal’ chuu ‘meat’ oo TPN ɡũʔ/ɡjuʔ, CPN joho, CRT ju yi/yio othe CRT ɲama; CPN ɲoma; PMTK *ɲam-ʔmamʔ ñom outh/speak POTP *sip ‘speak’; also: POTP *cʔimʔ ‘tooth’ > MAZ s’ibi, MTZ cibi (a-)gíp < *kip ‘mouth’ ose OTP kanu (a-)(gi-)ngano, (a-)(qui-)ngans (*ki ‘face’) POTP *tʔõma tum ai / loud POTP *nkãom ‘cloud’ > MAZ ngõmʉ̃, OTM gũi ɡoima ‘rain’ ai / et POTP *nkʔat ‘wet’ kat, (i-)kas ‘rain’ sto e POTP *to > OTM do, MAZ ndoho dox su POTP *hiat yivat i d PMTK *tatiʔ fi-tate, ti-tate, es-téd o a POTP *sõ, PMZT * hũ esio old I spite that fu the esea h is eeded to dete i e if so e pa allels ought up i this se tio is fo tuitous o a eal i sta e of p ehisto i la guage o ta t, ost of the lea l ep ese ts a u de ia le p oof that the li guisti e os ste A e i a du i g P ehisto a tuall u h of No th este “outh has had st o g elatio s to the Oto a guea la guages a d is o e o ple tha hat s hola s ha e thought u til o . August Ma elo Jolkesk . A‘CHAEOLINGUI“TIC“ ‘ELATIVE TO “OME I“OLATE LANGUAGE“ AND “MALL LANGUAGE FAMILIE“ IN THE AME‘ICA“ . . ME“OAME‘ICAN – BOLIVIAN CONNECTION“ I this se tio , I ill epo t so e fi di gs that poi t to p e olo ial o et ee Mesoa e i a a d Boli ia. M o e tio s et ee Mesoa e i a esea h fo used spe iall i fi di g a e tio s li guisti la guages a d the isolate la guages f o Boli ia Ca i ha a, Ca u a a, Ito a a, Ku za, Leko, Mosete , Mo i a, Yu a a e . Afte p eli i a a ass o pa iso usi g the data o piled i the ALLD, I a e to the follo i g o lusio : o e of the isolate la guages f o Boli ia a e ge eti all li ked to a Mesoa e i a la guage fa il . I ould, ho e e , dete t so e o ds i Ku za a d i Mosete that p o a l a e sho ep ese t o o i gs f o a Ma a sou e. Ma a -Mosete le i al pa allels i the Ta le elo . TABLE 14: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN MAYAN AND MOSETEN MAYAN MOSETEN a id WM+LL *pa χ paʃ ashes GLL+ *sibˀaq > pCh *sibˀik im pM *kikˀ > PCH * ˀi ˀ > TZO/TZE * ˀi ˀ, CHT i eʃ lood othe /si li g a oo/ lo gu hi ha/aga e GK *ʔa , GM *ʔa ik ‘older sibling’ otʲiˀ ‘brother’, otʲire ‘cousin’ EM+ *puhbˀ ‘blowgun’ > KCH wub, MAMi u bˀil wohpina ‘bamboo sp.’ PM *ki h > CM *saq-ki h > CHR suk ih ‘agave’ ukʲe/ʃokdʲeˀ ‘manioc chicha’ flea/ti k pM *kˀaq ‘lea’ > CHJ kˀak kokoˀ ‘tick’ f uit/e e pM *hatʲ ‘eye/fruit/face’ > MOP wi , MAM/AWA wi ; also: pM *meʔ ˀ ‘eyelash’> KAQ/PCH metzˀ we /weʃ/wɨʃ/ ‘fruit’; also: we eʔɲeʔ ‘eye’ g a dfathe pM *ma m > EM *mamaʔ baba head/e e pM *bˀah ‘head’; also: pM *bˀaqˀ ‘seed’ > TZO bˀekˀ; also: EM *ʔaʔbˀaχ ‘stone’ beh ‘eye’, beh-yaʔ ‘face’ pM *ʔiʃiʔm ‘maize’ simiˀ ‘corn chicha’ aize/ hi ha August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 14: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN MAYAN AND MOSETEN MAYAN MOSETEN othe pM *na na > CM *na n nonoˀ outh pM *tʲi ˀ > KAQ iˀ, TZU/PQMj i ˀ outh/ a e pM *tji ˀ ‘mouth’ > QAN tih-eχ, TZO/CHL/POP tiˀ; also: Kp * i χ, GK * iχo ‘talk’ tih ‘name’ a el GM *mu ʃ, WM *muʃuk bõ e k/s allo CM *bˀiqˀ ‘swallow’ > AWA bˀeqˀ, IXL ibˀiqˀa bekaˀ ‘neck’ o pM *haˀ ‘be’ + pM *mi/*ma ‘no’ = *haˀmi ham ose pM *nhi ʔ > EM *nhu ʔ > PQM χuʔis hoi/hə̃i pe a LL+WM *kita m kitiˀ peppe /salt pM *ʔi k ‘pepper’ > MCH ʔi kuˀ ‘enchilar’ hi ko ‘salt’ sa d/ et CM *saʔm ‘sand’ > GK *sam-a > QEQ samajiʔ saˀmai ‘wet/damp’; hamaɲ ‘sand’ sk / loud pM *maj ‘cloud’ mãje-dʲeˀ ‘sky’ (-dʲeˀ ‘NMZ’) sleep/ti ed GK *kohs ‘tired’ > TZU xkosi, KCH xkosik; also: GK *ko ˀ ‘lying down’ kʰoʃi ‘sleep’ s all WM+Yu *bˀiqˀet > CHL/CHR/TZO/TZE bˀikˀit mikitʲ/mikis ‘small’ ; mikiˀ ‘few’ so -i -la pM *nhi ʔ ‘father-in-law/son-in-law’ > KCH/USP/ TZU χi ˀ hɨiˀ ‘son-in-law’ s uash pM *kˀu m ‘squash’ > CHT um, TZO ˀum, TZE ˀuhm, PQMp kˀu bˀ ʃobo su /toda pM *qˀi nh ‘sun’ > CHL/TZO kˀin, QAN qˀin kʰinˀ ‘today’; ɨn ‘sun’ th ee pM *ʔo ʃ-ibˀ > TZO/KCH/USP/QEQ oxibˀ to a o GLL *kˀuh > CHJ/QAN kˀu kos alk pM *bˀihn miˀih ‘walk’; mĩh ‘path’ et/d i k pM * ˀaq ‘wet/moisten> GK * ˀaq > KAQ eqel; also: pM *tʲaq ‘be dry/thirsty’ tʲe-dʲeˀ ‘drink’ (-dʲeˀ ‘NMZ’) Possi le Ma a illust ates so e ases i o o i gs i Ku za a e sho ʰɨˀ/ ʰɨ ̃ˀ ‘mouth’; also: dʲiˀ ‘anus’ ʰibin i Ta les hi h the Ku za o ds a also ea - . Ta le stallized Ma a g a spe iall ati al August Ma elo Jolkesk featu es, like Wi h a o i alize o i alie a le possessio suffi es. Fo i sta e, i Cho ti these suffi es a e espe ti el -i a d -e /-i . TABLE 15: PROBABLE MAYAN BORROWINGS IN KUNZA BEARING CRYSTALLIZED SUFFIXES MAYA KUNZA dead/ u pM *muq ‘bury’ moʁor, muʁar ‘dead’ < * muq-Vr/-ar ea th/ o e PHue *qˀap ‘clothes’ ʁabar ‘clothes/cover’ < *qab-Vr egg/ o e GK *molo ‘egg’ mulur ‘bone’ < *mul-Vr flo e GM *ʔubˀe >AWA bˀu pu ur, pu er < *pu -Vr/-er foot/leg GM *kuʃ ‘leg’ ʁu ir, ku i < *ku i-r; khoche ‘foot’ gou d LL *lu lau ur < *lau -Vr path/ alk Hue *bˀehr ‘walk’ > PMAM *bˀe t, TEK obˀe t beter < *bet-Vr po de pM *po q poʁor < *poq-Vr s oke/fi e QAN *nhubˀ ‘smoke’ humur ‘fire’ < *hum-Vr Othe possi le Ma a o o i gs i Ku za a e listed i Ta le : TABLE 16: OTHER LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN MAYAN AND KUNZA MAYA KUNZA id EM+ *pi tʲˀ βitti ‘hawk/vulture’ < *bitti id Mp *looʃχ ‘vulture’ la ir ‘bird’ < *la i-r id I+ *qu7s, WM *hos ʁosʁo ‘owl’ < *qos-qo(s) oil/ u CM *loq ‘boil’ loʁ- ‘burn’ < *loq lothes/ i h PHue *qˀap ‘clothes’ > CHJ kˀapak; Was+Tz *paqˀ ‘clothes’ ʁapaʁa ‘rich’ < *qapaq-a loud EM *mu nh ‘cloud/shadow’ > AWA mul, TEK/USP muχ molle, mol-ti (-ti ‘NMZ’) < *mol old WM *siʔk > QAN/TZO/TZE sik teʁar < *teka-r ook pM *tʲaqˀ ‘cooked/ripe’ > QEQ/TZU/KCHn aqˀ eʁan- ‘cook’ < * eq-an (-an ‘?’, conf.: pM *-an ‘antipassive’) pM *kaʔbˀe:χ ‘day after tomorrow’> AWA kaʔpe n, IXL kaɓe n ʁapin ‘sun/sunset/west’< *kapin su set/ afte to o o August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 16: OTHER LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN MAYAN AND KUNZA MAYA KUNZA fathe /old a pM *ri χ ‘old man’ > MAM ti χ, TEK tiχ tiʁan ‘father’ < *tiʁ-an ‘fatherANP’ (conf.: pM *-an ‘ANP’) fo Was+EM *ʃoʔχbˀ > PQMp ʃoχm loʁma < *loʁm-ma (*-ma ‘animal’) hea pM *ʔabˀi > CHJ iʃ-jaɓi, AKA ʃ-jabˀe jebi- hole pM *χo l ʁo ls house EM *tu nh (*tu χ ?) ‘temascal’ > USP/KAQ tuχ, KCH/TZU tu χ tturi < *ttur-i (-i ?) sto e/soil GLL+WM *to nh ‘stone’ > pCh tun, TZO/TZE ton ttunar ‘soil’ < *ttuna-r jagua pM *koχ > USP/KAQ/TZU koχ, KCHq ko χ kuru, kuri, kuhri < *kur-i (-i ?) leaf/ pM *ʃaq ‘leaf’ laʁar < *laq-Vr ‘green maize’ EM *ʔakˀ- ‘cock/turkey’ aʁiu ‘feather’ pM *kˀas-al ckausa- a pM *ʃi bˀ ‘male’; CM *ʃi ɓa l ‘woman’s brother’ (< pM *ʃi bˀ-a l17 ‘male-NMZ’) sima oo / ife pM *ʔi:kˀ ‘moon’ liʁ-i ‘wife’, liʁ-aw ‘woman’ < *-lik ose GLL *sihm seppi < *sepp-i (-i ?) palate-th oat Mp+ *kˀoʔm ‘palate’ ckomal ‘throat’ < *ckom-al18 peppe pM *ʔi k ‘pepper’ > MCH *ʔi ku siʁu < *siku pot GQ+ *se kˀ g ee aize o k/feathe li e eʁnar < * ekna-r i e CM *bˀe hhaˀ, EM *ubˀe hhaˀ baʁʁa est/d ea pM *hil ‘rest’ hul- ‘sonhar’ teat CM *tuʔ ‘mother, suck’ > MCH -tu tu ʔ, PCH -tut tutu toda Kp *kami k ami to a / ell Hue *kˀuʔul ‘belly’ > QAN kˀuleχ, POP kˀule; Kp+ *kˀuʔuʃ ʁoli ‘thorax’ < *kol-i (-i ?) 7 pM *-aːl/*-iːl is a de i a e suffi that tu s adje o pa e ith pM *-a l /*-i l , a suffi that es i to a st a t ou s. a ks depe de it fu tio s as a p e o i al odifie a ke . August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 16: OTHER LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN MAYAN AND KUNZA MAYA KUNZA ol a o Kp *kanu l ‘volcano’ kaur, ʁabur ‘mountain/volcano’ < *kau r et/ ate pM *ʔa kˀ ‘wet’ aʁ ‘water’ < *ak o GM *tuqˀ, LL+WM *luqum tˀoʁomar, toʁmar < *toqm-ma-r (*-ma ‘animal’) A fu the li guist e ide e fou d p ehisto i Ma a e a e le i al pa allels that o o i gs i Ka do i. Those pa allels a e sho a o stitute i the Ta le elo . TABLE 17: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN KANDOXI AND MAYAN KANDOXI MAYAN k- ‘1.S’ pM *q- ‘1.P’ .P/ .P i ‘1.P’ pM *e -/i- ‘2.P’ .“ no pM *nu- ʃi ‘2.S’ pM *eʃ ‘2.P’ .“ w- pM *u- lothes kama ʂi < *kama -ʂi EM *ke m > MAMi e maχ; also: EM *kem ‘weave’ > KCHc ʃu-kemaχ dee man ansi EM+ *masa t e e ka , wa o < *(k-/w-)a (-o) pM *hatʲ > KCH/SAK/PCH wa fe ale ki ʂa ‘woman’, wi ʂa-/iʂa - ‘female’ < *(k-/w-)iʂa pM *ʔiʃ ‘female’ foot/leg ko ‘foot’ GM *kuʃ ‘leg’ fo ʂoʂima Was+EM *ʃoʔχbˀ > PQMp ʃoχm hai sosi, wasoso < (wa-)sos(-i/-o) GLL *tzoʔtz > TZO/TZE o ha d/a kow pM *qˀabˀ > TZO kˀobˀ, MAM qˀobˀ, QEQ qˀubˀ igua a nta WM *inatam > QAN/POP intam li e ʃi p EM+ *sase bˀ a io kaʂinʂi, kaʂini, waʂino <*(ka/wa-)ʂin(-ʂi/-i/-o) pM * iˀ n a el moʂa GM *mu ʃ August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 17: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN KANDOXI AND MAYAN KANDOXI MAYAN ʂitamina Hue *ʔitam Ple ades masa i EM+Hue *moʔo > SAK maʔ , PCH mo spide / sinno ‘spider’ pM *si naʔnh ‘scorpion’ teat/ othe mimi ‘teat’ pM *mi m ‘mother’ this ini pM *ʔin th ee/thi d to pa ‘three’ pM *r-o ʃ ‘third’ > IXL toʃpah ti k/ ed ug poto ‘tick’ pM *potʲˀ ‘bedbug’ old a s o pio . . ME“OAME‘ICA – “OUTHWE“TE‘N U“ CONNECTION“ I this se tio , I ill epo t so e fi di gs that poi t to p e olo ial o et ee Mesoa e i a a d “outh este li guisti o Misu alpa e tio s et ee U“. The esea h o igi all fo used i fi di g a t o s all Mesoa e i a a d la guages f o la guage fa ilies Le a “outh A e i a. Ho e e , afte a p eli i a o pa iso usi g the data o piled i the ALLD, I ould dete t a u h of o ds i Le a a d P oto -Misu alpa that ese sho i Ta les - e tio s a d ass P oto - le o ds of Hoka la guages. These pa allels a e : TABLE 18: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND LENCAN a HOKAN LENCAN .“ PPOM *ʔa:ma (McLendon 1973:88), SRI me/ma- (Moser & Marlett 2005:822); KMK emnan (Swanton 1940:63) *ama-nani ‘2.S’ (Arguedas Cortés 1988:105) > amnan LKA-H .“ CTL-H/CTL-L i-, SRI i- ‘3.POS’ (Turner & Turner 1971:327; O'Connor 2013:128, Moser & Marlett 2005:386); KMK i ‘3.corref’ (Swanton 1940:66), KMK nani ‘3.S’ (id.:83), KMK i-nan ‘3?’ (id.:67) PLKA *i-nani (Arguedas Cortés 1988:103) PPOM *ʔi -xal > POM-SE xal (Mclendon 1973:65) ‘arm’; YNA ɡalu (Sapir & Swadesh 1960:83), PYUM i-ʂalʲ (Gursky 1974:178) ‘arm’; CTL-H ʃaɬ ‘wing’ (Turner & Turner 1971:249) LKA-S PLKA kal (del Río Urrutia 2004:292) August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 18: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND LENCAN HOKAN LENCAN PYUM *pilʲ, POM-SW bil ‘hot, burn’ (Gursky 1974:194, Gursky 1989:17) LKA-S ell CTL-L kˀom ‘upside down’, kˀomu- ‘deitar de barriga para baixo’ (O'Connor 2013:24/170); POM-C/N/NE komo ‘navel’ (Mclendon 1973:82); PTLJ *kom ‘liver’ (Campbell & Oltrogge 1980:217) LKA-S kˀomo (del Río Urrutia 2004:291) ell PTLJ *-kol, POM-SE kˀo, CTL-L kuʔu ‘belly’ (Campbell & Oltrogge 1980:213, Gursky 1974:179, O'Connor 2013:14) LKA-S lood PPOM o e/ a h ?a k, SLN aʃa k (Mason 1918:127), PYUM *ʔja k > MHV nʲa-sak, MRK/YMA ʃa k, KKP jak ‘bone’ (Gursky 1974:181; Wares 1968:79); SRI i-tak (Moser & Marlett 2005:739) ‘bone/branch’ ashes/ u othe *ba:laj (McLendon 1973:68) SHT KMK kos (Swanton 1940:108) pilil ‘ashes’ (del Río Urrutia 2004:293) kˀul ‘navel’ (del Río Urrutia 2004:303) LKA-S ala (del Río Urrutia 2004:306) * ˀek ‘bone’ > LKA-S tseˀk, LKA-H seh (Arguedas Cortés 1988:103); PLKA *sak ‘wood’ (Arguedas Cortés 1988:104) > LKA-H sak, LKA-S ʃah PLKA LKA-S koh ‘older brother’ (del Río Urrutia 2004:298) hild SRI ʔoe (Moser & Marlett 2005:660), CMR ʔuwɛ- ‘baby’ (Gursky 1988:31) PLKA *we (Arguedas Cortés 1988:104) lothes ACH ila m (Gursky 1974:204); YVP s-lam ‘shawl’ (Shaterian 1983:610) *lam (Arguedas Cortés 1988:105) loud/s oke CMR h-opʰat ‘smoking’; SHT –up a, CMR –ophaʔ ‘smoke’ (Gursky 1990:8); ACH up/o p (Gursky 1974:209), DGÑ ʔu p, KKP u p ‘tobacco’ (Wares 1968:94) LKA-H loud/ CTL-L ˀihma ‘cloud’ (O'Connor 2013:16) thu de g a dfathe / fathe nʲ-paw (Crawford 1989:190), wapuʔwi ‘father’s father’ (Gursky 1974:191); KMK mawis (Swanton 1940:110), DGÑ -pa w ‘father’ (Couro & Hutcheson 1973:74) KKP MHV/MRK/YMA/TPI na-paw, ACH PLKA sopata, LKA-S tsˀupa ‘cloud’ (Arguedas Cortés 1988:104) ʃo-ʃima ‘thunder’ (del Río Urrutia 2004:310) (see: LKA-S ʃo‘rain’ (del Río Urrutia 2004:300)) LKA-S LKA-H paβi ‘father’ (Herranz Herranz 1987:453) August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 18: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND LENCAN HOKAN LENCAN ʔ-a-ma wi (Sapir & Swadesh 1960:226), a-muʔwi, PYUM *nʲ-a-maw > MHV/TPI namaw, MRK namawi, DGÑ -ma w ‘father’s mother’ (Gursky 1974:191, Couro & Hutcheson 1973:74) LKA-H head PPOM *hoʔtˀo ‘brains/head’ (McLendon 1973:68); CMR h-usu, -uso- ‘eye’ (Gursky 1989:7) LKA-S hai /head KMK elax (Swanton 1940:111), SHT innax ‘hair’; SLN aʃaʔx ‘feather’ (Mason 1918:126); PPLH *laḥ ‘head’ (Gursky 1974:193) LKA-S alah, LKA-H aʃa ‘hair’ (Arguedas Cortés 1988:102) hea t/li e SRI -moʃ ‘heart’ (Gursky 1974:193); KKP pusu ‘liver’ (Crawford 1989:479) LKA-H house CMR awa, PYUM *ʔawaʔ >MHV/YMA ʔawa; SLN t ̣-a ˀm, SHT ʔam a, (Mason 1918:130; Gursky 1974:194) PLKA *tˀaw (Arguedas Cortés 1988:103) hus a d/ PYUM *nʲ-iku/*nʲ-aku ‘father’ > KKP/TPI nʲ-iku (Gursky 1974:187; Wares 1968:83) LKA-S g a d othe / othe fathe YNA ACH maβih ‘mother’ (Herranz Herranz 1987:453) oso (del Río Urrutia 2004:292) muʃu ‘heart’ (Herranz Herranz 1987:451); see also: *muts'u ‘liver’ (Arguedas Cortés 1988:103) > LKA-H musu jiku ‘husband’ (del Río Urrutia 2004:301) ʃuma ‘feather’ (del Río Urrutia 2004:305) leaf/feathe PYUM *sama-lʲ > TPI xuʔma-ɬ (Wares 1968:87) ‘leaf’; KKP su mi ‘feather’ (Crawford 1989:459) LKA-S leaf/feathe TPI waɬ ‘leaf’; PYUM *-waR ‘feather’ (Mixko 1978:85) > HVS wala, WLP/YVP ʔwala, KLW walu (Wares 1968:83) LKA-H aize/eat CMR ama, SLN ama, PPLH *am ‘eat’, PYUM *ama , KKP ɬʲma ‘eat’ (Gursky 1974:186, Crawford 1989:455); YVP ʔ ma ‘someone is eating’ (Shaterian 1983:555) PLKA aize/ ilpa KMK tawelo ‘maize’ (Swanton 1940:112); PYUM *t-awa ‘grind’ (Gursky 1989:14) > HVS tawa ‘flour’ LKA-H aize/ ilpa YMA tadi:c, KLW taʔji t; MHV/MRK taðic, YMA taði c ‘maize’ (Wares 1968:81) LKA-H tali h ‘milpa’ (Herranz Herranz 1987:457) ale/ KMK tkuau ‘husband’ (Swanton 1940:111) hus a d 7 wala ‘leaf’ (ConstenlaUmaña 2002:198) *ajma ‘maize’ > LKA-H ama, LKA-S ima (Arguedas Cortés 1988:104) tawah ‘milpa’ (Herranz Herranz 1987:457) *kew ‘male’ (Arguedas Cortés 1988:104) PLKA August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 18: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND LENCAN HOKAN LENCAN SRI i-iʃaχ (Moser & Marlett 2005:689), DGÑ heɬʲa ‘moon’; WLP hi a, MRK/DGÑ xe a, KKP xesaʔ ‘pleiades’ (Wares 1968:90) LKA-S o ta xmu, YMA ʔa-xmo, MHV a-hmo, DGÑ ʔahmu (Wares 1968:88) LKA-S ouse KMK kuam (Swanton 1940:114) kˀuwa (del Río Urrutia 2004:306) et PPLH *i-QxIra(w) (Gursky 1974:199) LKA-H ose SLN e net ̣ (Mason 1918:126), CTL-L/CTL-H -ʔnaɬ (O'Connor 2013:26, Turner & Turner 1971:294) LKA-H -maala, WSH -malŋ ‘acorn’ (Gursky 1974:178) *mal ‘oak’ (Arguedas Cortés 1988:105) oo / pleiades KKP/TPI letsˀa ‘moon’ (del Río Urrutia 2004:299) mohmon (del Río Urrutia 2004:304) LKA-S sela (Herranz Herranz 1987:459) neʃe (Herranz Herranz 1987:452) oak/a o YNA pe is/tail KKP nʲ-ʂʲuɬʲ, TPI ʃuɬ ‘tail’ (Wares 1968:94) LKA-H pi eapple KKP mˀaɬʲ (Crawford 1989:492) PLKA *ma ˀati (Arguedas Cortés 1988:104) salt KMK sepen (Swanton 1940:115); SRI ʔantip (Moser & Marlett 2005:715) LKA-H sleep/la do KLW ʔpáa, KKP pat ̣ (Crawford 1989:477), MHV upa (Munro et alii 1992:255), ACH aʔap ‘lay down’ (Gursky 1974:196) LKA-S testi les PPOM *jaqolʲ > POM-SW joqo , POM-S jok o (McLendon 1973:93); KKP nʲqal, WSH ja gɨl (Gursky 1990:15) LKA-S to a o ʔu wa, ACH o p, PYUM *-ʔu v > HVS ʔuva, ʔu v, YVP ʔu βa (Gursky 1974:209, Wares 1968:94) LKA-S *ʔi-mpal (Mixko 1978:98) > DGÑ enepaɬ (Couro & Hutcheson 1973:98); SLN epaɬ (Mason 1918:126); SRI -i-pɬ (Moser & Marlett 2005:687); CTL-L apaɬʔ (O'Connor 2013:35), CTL-H -abaɬ (Turner & Turner 1971:287); PPOM *ha-ʔbalʲ > POM-E/SE bal (McLendon 1973:94) LKA-S SHT YMA to gue PYUM PLKA ʃu ru ‘penis’ (Herranz Herranz 1987:455) sepe (Herranz Herranz 1987:459), LKA-S tsˀepe (del Río Urrutia 2004:306) pa (del Río Urrutia 2004:295) juku (del Río Urrutia 2004:308) jowa (del Río Urrutia 2004:307), LKA-H jogwah (Herranz Herranz 1987:456) nepal (del Río Urrutia 2004:299), LKA-H nepel (Constenla-Umaña 2002:198) August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 18: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND LENCAN o a / ife HOKAN LENCAN PYUM *siɲʔak ‘woman/wife > DGÑ siɲ (Couro & Hutcheson 1973:102, Wares 1968:96), KCM siɲ (Mixko 1978:100); SLN sen̥ (Mason 1918:134) LKA-S sija ‘wife’ (del Río Urrutia 2004:296) TABLE 19: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND MISUMALPAN HOKAN MISUMALPAN *nʲa (Kaufman 1988:74) KCM ja, CTLi-jaʔ, PYUM *ʔnʲa ‘1.S’ > KLW ɲa p ‘1.S’ (Mixko 1978:88; Turner & Turner 1971:318, O'Connor 2013:22); KKP ɲa -p ‘1.S.cop’ (Crawford 1989:159); POM-k/n/c ja ‘1.P’ (McLendon 1973:75) *jam (Constenla Umaña 1987:159) > SMU jam [jaŋ]; SMU ja ‘1.acc’ (von Houwald 1980:129) PHOK *ma (Kaufman 1988:74), PYUM *ma, SRI mɛ-/ma- (Moser & Marlett 2005:822), PPOM *ʔa:ma (McLendon 1973:88), CTLL/CTL-H imaʔ (Turner & Turner 1971:315, O'Connor 2013:37) *man/*-ma (Constenla Umaña 1987:159) SMU ma ‘2.acc’ (von Houwald 1980:129) *wi ‘this’ (Kaufman 1988:74) > WLP wi ‘that one’, KKP wi (Crawford 1989:334) SMU -wi 3.s (von Houwald 1980:123) PHOK L/CTL-H /this a o e/sk PHOK ʔa-majk ‘above’ (Munro et alii 1992:27); ʔe-ma j (Couro & Hutcheson 1973:77), KKP ma j (Crawford 1989:130); KLW maʔj, MHV/YMA ʔa-maj ‘high/sky’ (Munro et alii 1992:27, Wares 1968:92) MHV PMSM PMSM SMU majak (von Houwald 1980:100) DGN au t/u le o e ead/ o MHV/TPA napij, YMA/PAI napi , HVS napiʔ, MRK napi ‘father’s sister’ (Wares 1968:83); KKP nʲpi s ‘father’s sister.P’ (Crawford 1989:191); (see also: PYUM *n-avi ‘father’s older brother’ > DGN –newis (Gursky 1974:187; Gursky 1989:3)) nabis ‘irma da mãe’ (von Houwald 1980:103) CTL-L ekaɬ (O'Connor 2013:14), CTL-H -eɡaɬ (Turner & Turner 1971:284); SHT ʔa k, PYUM *-ak, KCM -ak (Gursky 1974:181; Marlett 2007) SMU/ULW wakal (Constenla Umaña 2002:198) MHV/MRK MKT taðic, YMA taði c, KLW taʔji t ‘corn’ (Wares 1968:81) SMU ta ni (Brown 2008:171) August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 19: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND MISUMALPAN HOKAN MISUMALPAN PPOM *maha- ‘brother-in-law’ (McLendon 1973:69); mhk maha-j, MRK/YMA maxa-j ‘guy’; MHV maha ‘young’ *maha > MKT mahma ‘irmão’ (Brown 2008:352), SMU maha ‘irmão/primo’ (von Houwald 1980:99) ha oal PPOM *mahsi-kʔ > POM-S mahsi , POM-E ma sikʰ (McLendon 1973:74); SLN moʃeʔ (Mason 1918:133) MKT loud PPOM *qʰaʔbu > POM-E xa bo (McLendon 1973:71) PMSM old CTL-L KAK o e MHV ivaa- (Munro et alii 1992:105), DGN wejiw (Couro & Hutcheson 1973:68) SMU/ULW ajwa (Constenla Umaña 2002:199) da YVP s-ma (Shaterian 1983:454); KKP ma ‘sky/above’ (Crawford 1989:119) SMU/ULW ma ‘sun/day’ (Constenla Umaña 2002:198-199) do e/pigeo YVP di k YNA sii, PYUM *si (Gursky 1974:185); SRI -asi (Marlett 2007:175); PTLJ *sɨ(th) ‘water’ PMSM ea PYUM *ʂmalʲ (Gursky 1974:185)> KKP ʃumalʲ, DGN sumaɬ (Wares 1968:82) PMSM eat/ ite SRI eat/ o CMR ama, SLN ama (Mason 1918:138), PPLH *am ‘eat’, PYUM *ama , KKP ɬʲma ‘eat’ (Gursky 1974:186, Crawford 1989:455); YVP ʔ ma ‘someone is eating’ (Shaterian 1983:555); MHV ama (59); KKP sama s (Crawford 1989:242) ‘meal’ edge/ a gi KMK egg/ hi ke hmaʔ, WLP hma, KKP/PAI xma ‘chicken’; xuma /xma (Crawford 1989:357), DGN hu ma j ‘ofspring’ (Couro & Hutcheson 1973:93); (see also: MHV humal/humar ‘baby’ (Munro et alii 1992:80)) othe -i la / othe tsˀos (O'Connor 2013:16) sakwita ‘pigeon’ (Shaterian 1983:449) kat, CMR qˀat ‘bite’ (Gursky 1988:23) kōn ‘edge/beach’ KLW KKP fi e *ʔa-ʔaw, SLN *t ̣-aʔaw ‘fire’, YNA ʔaw (Gursky 1974:188) PYUM PMSM masku (Brown 2008:359) *amu (Constenla Umaña 1987:156) tus- (Constenla Umaña 2002:198) MKT s-wita ‘dove’ (Brown 2008:171) *di (Constenla Umaña 1987:152) *tupal (Constenla Umaña 1987:157) SMU/ULW kas- ‘eat’ (Constenla Umaña 2002:197) am, SMU ama, KAK/MTG ajma ‘corn’ (Constenla Umaña 1987:156) ULW SMU kuŋ ‘edge/margin’; MKT un ‘lip’ suma-n, ULW suma ‘egg’ (von Houwald 1980:113 (see also: MKT/ SMU wahma ‘menino’) SMU *paw ‘red’ (Constenla Umaña 1987:158) PMSM August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 19: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND MISUMALPAN HOKAN MISUMALPAN fish/eel SLN go KMK go/ alk CTL-L goose SLN kalakˀ (Mason 1918:123) kalak ‘kingfisher’ (von Houwald 1980:91) gou d KKP ɬʲu mas ‘pot’ (Crawford 1989:494) suma (von Houwald 1980:112/113) g a dfathe SLN neneʔ ‘grandparents’ (Mason 1918:134) PMSM g ee /g ass swan ‘fish’ (Mason 1918:123) kio ʔwa (O'Connor 2013:36), PYUM *wa (> TPA wa-m, DGN wamp), KCM l-wa (Mixko 1978:86), KRK va; PPOM *-wa-, CMR wam ‘walk’ (Gursky 1974:100) ̄ , POM-SW sˀamo, POM-NO camor-, sán POM-O cˀaba ‘green’; PYUM *sama-l ‘grass’ MKT swara ‘eel’ (Brown 2008:29) SMU kiu- (von Houwald 1980:50) *wa (Constenla Umaña 1987:155), MKT wap ‘let’s go’ (Brown 2008:468) PMSM SMU SMU *nini ‘grandfather’ (Constenla Umaña 1987:152) *sam ‘green’ (Constenla Umaña 1987:159) KRK PMSM guts/fe es KLW paʔ, KKP/TPA pxa, DGN pxa ‘guts’ (Wares 1968:86); PPOM *ah-pʰa ‘guts/excrement’ > POM-N/-E pʰa, POM-NE/SE fa (McLendon 1973:74) ULW ba ‘guts’, SMU ba ‘guts/feces’ (von Houwald 1980:82, Constenla Umaña 2002:200) gu /testi le/ pe is YVP wahma ‘testicle’; YVP hma, KKP xma, DGN hamaa ‘penis’; YVP hmaɲ ‘child’; YVP hme/hma r, PAI xmar ‘boy’; YVP home, MRK xomay, PAI xume, KKP xma /xuma ‘son’; MHV xumar, MRK xomar, YMA xu mar ‘young’ SMU/ULW/MKT wahma ‘guy/young’ (von Houwald 1980:120, Brown 2008:463) hai SLN ho e SRI jama χ ‘honey/fermented beverage’ (Moser & Marlett 2005:603) amak ‘honey’, ULW amak ‘bee’ (von Houwald 1980:79) house PYUM *uvaʔ (Gursky 1974:194), CTL-L a-hutɬʔ (O'Connor 2013:22), CTL-H -a-huɬ (Turner & Turner 1971:261) PMSM hus a d SRI -a ɬ ‘husband/wife’ (Moser & Marlett 2005:39); SLN la ‘husband’ (Mason 1918:134); KRK ʔara (Gursky 1974: 200) SMU/ULW kill SRI lad YVP mas ‘pubic hair’ (Mason 1918:127) -ikʷ (Moser & Marlett 2005:693) h a ra (Shaterian 1983:466) SMU/ULW bas ‘hair/leaf’ (von Houwald 1980:83) SMU *u, MKT utla (Constenla Umaña 1987:153) al ‘man/husband’, SMU/ULW jal ‘woman/wife’ (von Houwald 1980:78/124, Constenla Umaña 2002:198) MKT ik- (Brown 2008:155) MKT tjara (Brown 2008:161) August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 19: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND MISUMALPAN HOKAN MISUMALPAN la do CTL-L PMSM leaf TPA waɬ, KKP wal; PYUM *-waR ‘feather’ (Mixko 1978:85) MKT lie/sleep ACH am, SRI om ‘lie’ (Gursky 1989:20); DGN hema (Couro & Hutcheson 1973:92) SMU/ULW ama ‘sleep’ (Constenla Umaña 2002:198) li e a / hus a d oo / taŋ- (O'Connor 2013:24) KLW iwa j, SHT e ve ‘dwell’; MHV u va ‘live’ (Munro et alii 1992:197); KRK ʔi v-, KCM/DGN ʔewa , HVS/YVP uwa ‘house’ (Gursky 1974:194; Gursky 1989:13/21) MKT *hiʔ-baja > POM-N/-C -baija (Gursky 1989:22, Gursky 1974:197) ‘man’; PYUM *ma (j) ‘man/male’ (Mixko 1978:90) MKT PPOM KMK ka’n ‘moon’ Pleiades othe iw- (Brown 2008:235) maia ‘husband’ (Brown 2002:360) *kadu ‘Pleiades’ (Constenla Umaña 1987:157) PMSM ʔita, PYUM *n-taj, KCM -taj (Gursky 1974:198; Mixko 1978:91) SMU/ULW naθi , YVP neti, HVS naθi, KKP nʲʃi , KLW ʔsi ‘mother’s sister’ (Wares 1968:88) MKT MHV ouse/ PYUM *ʔ(a)malʲk ‘mouse’ (Gursky 1974:202) pa a ight waha (Brown 2008:463) SRI othe s siste outh *udam [udaŋ] (Constenla Umaña 1987:152) SRI i-ta (Moser & Marlett 2005:648) itam [itaŋ] (Constenla Umaña 2002:198) anti ‘irmã da mãe’ (Brown 2008:254) malka ‘paca’ (von Houwald 1980:99) SMU *ta (Constenla Umaña 1987:153) PMSM CTL-L puɡi (O'Connor 2013:26), CTL-H -i-buɡiʔ (Turner & Turner 1971:295) puk ‘dark’, puk-ta ‘night’, ULW pukka ‘night’, MKT puk ‘dark/cloudy’ (von Houwald 1980:107, Brown 2008:394) path PPOM *hiʔ-da >POM-N/-C/-NE/-E da (McLendon 1973:85) SMU/ULW ta (Constenla Umaña 2002:197) sea SLN ʃ-kˀem̥ (Mason 1918:132), POM-SW qʰamosʔ (Gursky 1975:200, 1989:25), SRI χæpæ (Moser & Marlett 2005:799) MKT/SMU kabu (Brown 2008:154, von Houwald 1980:91) seed PPOM *muhka (McLendon 1973:103) MKT/SMU/ULW sau-muk (SMU/ULW SMU sau ‘earth’) (von Houwald 1980:110, Constenla Umaña 2002:199) August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 19: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND MISUMALPAN HOKAN shoulde / a / i g MISUMALPAN ACH ta la ‘omoplata’ (50); SLN i-taʔl ‘shoulder’ (Mason 1918:126); CTL-H/-L -ʃaɬ ‘wing’ (O'Connor 2013:37, Turner & Turner 1971:249); PPOM *ʔi-ʃa l, PYUM *i-ʂalʲ ‘arm/wing’ (Gursky 1974:178) SMU/ULW salah ‘shoulder’ (von Houwald 1980:109) ʔapi (Gursky 1974:205), ACH apis ‘older sister’ (Gursky 1990:5); PAI/HVS n-ami ‘mother’s younger sister’ (Wares 1968:88) SMU/ULW ami(s) siste CTL so KCM wisa (Mixko 1978:97) KAK/MTG speak DGN w-a j-p (Couro & Hutcheson 1973:94) PMSM *aj- > KAK aj, SMU ajam [ajaŋ], MKT ajs (Constenla Umaña 1987:156, Constenla Umaña 2002:198) speak PYUM *ʔi: >DGN w-ii (Couro & Hutcheson 1973:56) MKT speak/ SRI -itom, CTL-T tom, JKQ tol ‘falar’ (Gursky 1990:14) PMSM *tu ‘tongue’ > KAK tu-m, MTG tumam (Constenla Umaña 1987:155; Campbell 1975:150) to gue ‘sister/cousin’ (von Houwald 1980:79) wi- (Constenla Umaña 2002:198) spide SLN sto e SLN KAK su / oo / iʔ-lala ‘star’; SLN na’ ‘sun’ (Mason 1918:133); CMR alla ‘sun’, PPOM *ʔa-la (-ʃa) ‘sun/moon’ > POM-O la , POM-C la (McLendon 1973:81; Gursky 1974:207), KMK a’l KAK sta tsˀopen (Mason 1918:125) ʃ-xap (Mason 1918:132); SLN ʃ-apa-neɬ ‘stone.P’ YNA t ̣ama:neɬ ‘houses’ (Mason 1918:130) supai, ULW su pim [supiŋ] (von Houwald 1980:113) SMU apa, MTG appa (Campbell 1975:149) lan, MTG lal ‘sun’ (Campbell 1975:149) illage SLN ul a/ PHOK SMU *-nmi/*nami > KLW nmi’/ nemi’, MRK/YMA name; SLN s-nam ‘wildcat’ (Mason 1918:124); WLP/YVP/MHV namaθ, TPA/PAI namas ‘raccoon’ MKT agi a ild at/ jagua *i-pis; KRK vi θ ‘vulva’, CTL-H beʃuʔ ‘vagina’ (Gursky 1974:210; Gursky 1990:20); KMK e’p ‘tail’ PYUM misa (Campbell 1975:150) MKT/SMU tawan ‘village’ (Brown 2002:441, von Houwald 1980:115) ip/ipit (von Houwald 1980:90) limi, KAK nama, MTG namas (Constenla Umaña 1987:158) August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 19: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN HOKAN AND MISUMALPAN HOKAN o a / east/ ife MISUMALPAN *maja ‘wife’ (Constenla Umaña 1987:154) -maj, PYUM *-ma (j) ‘breast/nipple/milk’ (Mixko 1978:82) > YVP ʔ-maja ‘milk’, KLW nimaju; KKP nʲi-maj ‘nipple’, DGN ɲ-e-maj (Couro & Hutcheson 1973:65) PMSM KCM *bi la (McLendon 1973:100); YVP ʔaʔi la, WLP/PAI ʔil, DGN ʔiɬ (Wares 1968:96) o *bid (Constenla Umaña 1987:155) ‘worm/snake’ > SMU bil ‘snake’, SMU babil ‘worm’, KAK bil ‘worm’ (Constenla Umaña 1987:155) PPOM PMSM The follo i g h potheses e e aised: i these pa allels ep ese t o o i gs f o Hoka sou e; ii these pa allels ep ese t o o i gs f o Ma a , Oto a guea , et . ; iii Le a a d o Misu alpa sto k. If e dis ega d the last h pothesis, the those pa allels a a thi d sou e Uto-Azte a , ight e a hes of the Hoka ost plausi le e pla atio fo at least so e of a that Le a s a d Misu alpa s eei o ta t ith Hoka speake s du i g p ehisto i al ti es. Fu the possi le t a es of a o the pa allels that those la guages ea o igi of Le a a d Misu alpa a e so e le i al ith Atakapa, sho i Ta les - . TABLE 20: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN ATAKAPA AND LENCAN ATAKAPA LENCAN .“ -o LKA-S -u .P ke LKA-S ki-(nani) .P ha; a ‘this’ LKA-S a-(nani) ell kom LKA-S k'omo o e tsi, tsigg LKA-H seh, LKA-S; tse'k, -ts'e u /t ee lam ‘burn’ LKA-H i lama ‘tree’ a tsam LKA-S jam ea /hea an ‘ear’ PLKA ea th/ ud lu ‘mud’ LKA-S luh ‘earth’ egg ku LKA-S kua *eni ‘hear’; also: LKA-H janh/jam ‘ear’ August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 20: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN ATAKAPA AND LENCAN ATAKAPA LENCAN fo ehead itse' LKA-S tits'e gi e mi LKA-S mi go/ o e ō ‘come’ PLKA *o- ‘go’ eɲ ‘name’ PLKA *aj- ‘speak’ s oke po' LKA-H po:ro, LKA-S mo so juts LKA-S ju this nak PLKA *na a e/speak TABLE 21: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN ATAKAPA AND MISUMALPAN ATAKAPA MISUMALPAN hi-, i- PMSM *-i, pats (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:161) MKT pa sa heek/head āl ‘cheek’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:164) MKT lal ‘head’ ook/ ake ām ‘cook’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:164) MKT am- ‘bake’, KKP wam ‘baked’ da k/ ight mēl ‘black’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:162) KKP mal fish jal ‘to fish’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:167) KKP jal, MTG fo ʃul (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:116) jul-, SMU sul (von Houwald 1980:112) go waɲ/wan (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:141) PMSM *wa g ee / ood tāt ‘green’ SMU head tol (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:134) SMU hea nak ‘hear’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:85) SMU daka- ‘know/feel/hear’ (von Houwald 1980:86) hea t/ east ʃo ‘heart’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:169) PMSM *su hole pā ‘nest/hole’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:100) pa ‘home/hole’ (von Houwald 1980:104) leaf waʃ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:170) waha, SMU bas (von Houwald 1980:83) .“ ai *-ki ‘night’ jale ‘fish’ MKT tat ‘wood’ (von Houwald 1980:115) tuna(n)/ ULW tun- (von Houwald 1980:117) ‘breast’ SMU MKT August Ma elo Jolkesk TABLE 21: LEXICAL PARALLELS BETWEEN ATAKAPA AND MISUMALPAN ATAKAPA MISUMALPAN a i-ōl (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:171) SMU al othe teɲ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:129) SMU itaŋ; also: PMSM *titiŋ ‘grandmother’ ud lu (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:77) MKT lau; SMU sau a e/speak eɲ ‘name’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:172) PMSM *ajaŋ ight tem (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:166) MKT peppe /salt ci ̄ck ‘salt’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:175) SMU tiski ‘pepper’ (von Houwald 1980:116) pestle pa (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:171) KKP/MTG apa sea/paddle kam ‘paddle’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:64) MKT ka bu, SMU kabu ‘sea’ (von Houwald 1980:91) self/othe nuk ‘self’ SMU uk ‘other’ (von Houwald 1980:118) s oke hak-vu MKT pak-b-, SMU aka-bus- su / ight lam ‘bright’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:75) KKP lan ‘sun’ that ja (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:152) SMU ja-ka that/ ma ‘that’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:78) MKT ba ‘3’ this a SMU a-ka t ee/pi e māɲ ‘pine’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:173) PMSM *ban illage/ uʃ ‘village’ (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:180) PMSM *u jul (Gatschet & Swanton 1932:181) SMU/ULW house od O e possi le e pla atio ‘speak’ > KKP aj tama ‘pestle/stone’ ‘tree’ > KKP man ‘house’ jul (von Houwald 1980:125) ould e that the the fo efathe s of the Atakapa s ee o igi all Mesoa e i a s. This app oa h is uite p eli i a , though, a d at least so e of those ese Ma a , et . . la es a e fo tuitous o o o i gs f o a thi d sou e Uto-Azte a , August Ma elo Jolkesk . DI“CU““ION The li guisti data p ese ted i § o ta ts a d populatio halle ge the halle ges the a tual s ie tifi u de sta di g of o e e ts th ough the A e i as du i g p ehisto hole ie . Fo i sta e, o e of the efe e e of the o igi s of t o of the ai a ise a d uestio s a akes di e t ai A e i dia G oups i Mesoa e i a, a el the Oto a guea s a d the Ma a s. “i e those e ide e a ot e egle ted a d ust e a ou ted fo , t o pate t h potheses e e ge: H pothesis: the fo efathe s of the Oto a guea s a d/o of the Ma a s e e st • i deed Mesoa e i a s a d so e of thei ig ato /e plo ato sea o th d • e tu ed i to t a els alo g the Pa ifi Coast of “outh A e i a usi g oats o afts. H pothesis: the fo efathe s of the Oto a guea s a d/o of the Ma a s e e a tuall “outh A ei a s ig ato /e plo ato sea o th O iousl , tho oughl des e da ts a d thei des e da ts e tu ed t a els alo g the Pa ifi Coast i to Mesoa e i a usi g oats o afts. ased o l i li guisti e ide e o e of those h potheses a alidated, ei g pa a ou t i this ega d the use of i te dis ipli a hat follo s I i to ill e e ide e. I i g up so e i po ta t a haeologi al a d a haeo li atologi al e ide e that ill su sta tiate a “ hola s ha e f e ue tl fu the a al ses. alled the atte tio to ultu al elatio s et ee Weste Me i o a d the Pa ifi Coast of “outh A e i a. Fo i sta e, so e o o t aits sha ed et ee the NW “outh A e i a a d West Me i a a haeologi al t aditio s a e: i shaft to sa d o tua offe i gs, i ludi g figu i es Ka et alii te h i ues E a s & Megge s ;Go e Cha ; i : - ; iii etallu g : , st le a d desig ; ii ; Lath ap e a i o je ts a d , otifs Meigha 7 : - ; Pi a ; A a alt Both etallu gi al t aditio s e hi it st iki g si ila ities i desig a d fa i atio te h i ues, su h as: i use of oppe -sil e , oppe -a se i a d gold allo s; ii use of lost- a te h i ue fo asti g; iii p odu tio of ope i gs fou d i si ila o te ts: u ials asso iated ith the a iu of the de eased; also se ed as ea i gs o ose i gs , depilato t eeze s oth ha e ea desig , e e old o ked to shape a d e e ade of oppe 7 August Ma elo Jolkesk ; lothi g A a alt / , Tello , Fo d Spo d lus as a s eligious/s ; i a hite to i a d i o og aphi te h i ues Uhle , Wille 7 , Ku le oli a d p estigious ite , Ja usek Ma os oli status of the jagua Caste 77/ ; ii the use of 7 , a d iii the high . O e u ial aspe t of ost of those sha ed a haeologi al t aits is that the ea lie i “outh A e i a tha i Mesoa e i a. Fo i sta e, A e i a e e ged i the Ce t al A des du i g the d ille iu BC a d it see th oughout st ille iu BC B uh s u h of the A des du i g the . I No the Pe u a d i E uado , so e of its diag osti e e fou d Metallu g fi st to ha e ee sp ead ; Alde de fe et alii ha a te isti s e e: i p e ale e of oppe -sil e a d oppe -a se i allo s, a d ii p odu tio of status a d utilita ia o je ts su h as eedles, a es, hoes, fishhooks, depilato ope i gs. I Weste Colo ia, the follo i g ha a te isti s: i etallu gi al te h i ues e e used f o as asks, o tai e s, ells, pe so al ado ost ota le pie es Ba iuso Pe ez eefo 7 ; Hosle BC, ea l e lusi e use of gold a d gold- oppe allo s; ii e lusi e use of lost- a te h i ue fo asti g etal; iii the t eeze s a d i ula the Cali a a d Qui appea a e of Metallu g i i Weste . O the othe ha d, a sudde a d late , desig a d fa i atio te h i ues et ee those . The AD appea s to e ooted ost st iki g si ila ities i etallu gi al t aditio s a e: i the use of oppe -sil e , oppe -a se i a d gold allo s; ii the use of lost- a te h i ue fo etal; iii the p odu tio of ope a iu a d allo s t eeze s i ee oth t aditio s the ha e ea ade of oppe a d ells the lost- a “i e asti g i gs fou d i si ila o te ts: u ials asso iated ith the of the de eased a d also se ed as ea i gs o depilato iu AD a a Cultu es Es ale a U eña & Me i o o l f o a ou d i those “outh A e i a te h i ues Hosle ea l ost ite s e e status o je ts, su h e ts, a d figu i es. Du i g the st ille ; Hosle et alii ith ee ose i gs i desig , ade i asti g, e e outfitted ith a suspe sio e e old oth t aditio s , o ked to shape oth t aditio s f o oppe -gold i g a d o tai ed a lappe . ost of those e a ka le sha ed a haeologi al t aits ha e e pli itl olde dates i “outh A e i a, the poi t to a ds the a d ells ade f o a lappe . oppe -gold allo s lost- a st H pothesis, hi h ill e ega ded as a p e isse asti g, e e outfitted ith a suspe sio i g a d o tai ed August fo Ma elo Jolkesk o o . I hat follo s I ill i g up possi le e pla atio s fo the adle of the fo efathe s of the Oto a guea s a d of the P oto-Ma a s i “outh A e i a. . . THE OTOMANGUEAN“ AND THEI‘ O‘IGIN“ Befo e goi g i to a fu the Oto a guea s, o e u ial aspe t as a ge ealogi al u it 7: ega di g the fo efathe s of the ust e add essed: the alidit of the Oto a guea sto k as e e tl poi ts that si e dis ussio halle ged Bo . Fu the o e, Ca p ell ost P oto-Oto a guea le i al e o st u tio s a e o l si gle s lla les of * C CV shape, the pote tial fo ha e ese espe iall if the se a ti s of o pa ed fo og ate sets. Pe so all , I ag ee s a e ot e a t, as i ith B o a , of ‘e s h’s [ ] op. it. a d Ca p ell op. it. . Fo i sta e, P oto-Otopa ea is i fa t uite di e ge t i te le i o , ea i g al ost o ese la e is elati el high ‘i ge s of g a ati al st u tu e a d e e i la es ith othe Oto a guea su g oups’. O the othe ha d, the e is still a ha e that so e la guage fa ilies assig ed to the Oto a guea sto k a i deed fo assu e B o a ge ealogi al u it , ut p oofs ha e et to e p o ided. F o o o I’ll ’s op. it. a gu e t that the Oto a guea sto k’ is a tuall a “p a h u d. As detailed i § , p e iousl u told o e tio s et ee diffe e t Oto a guea ’ la guage su g oups a d diffe e t la guage fa ilies like Paez, Co o u a , Cho oa , Ji aja a , “ali a -Hoti a d Tu a oa st o gl i pl that eth oge eti p o esses li ki g the a esto s of those populatio s took pla e du i g p ehisto i the o th este esulti g i st o g la guage i te fe e es. Fu the fo ost o e, it poi ts to a “outh A e i a o igi a hes’ of the Oto a guea sto k’ Jolkesk o i i g that speake s of la guages f o ost tip of “outh A e i a, 7, this pape . It ould e ha dl a hes’ of the Oto a guea sto k’ ould ha e t a eled southeast a ds alo g the Pa ifi Coast to t ade o to olo ize No th este “outh A e i a, si e o a haeologi al e ide e e ists to suppo t su h lai . O the othe ha d, the e is e ide e that so e ultu al aspe ts sp ead f o the No th este “outh A e i a i to Mesoa e i a fo i sta e, Metallu g . O e ohe e t e pla atio fo su h i te dis ipli a populatio s ge e all ega ded as Oto a guea s A e i a a d that f o the st ille e ide e ould e that diffe e t e e i deed f o No th este “outh iu BC the sta ted t a eli g o th est a ds alo g the August Ma elo Jolkesk Pa ifi Coast i diffe e t a es, ea hi g “outh este a d Weste a o da e ith A a alt’s lai that so e West Me i a t adi g olo ies esta lished g oups of sta ed o pe a e tl e e p o a l o igi all e ha ts of “outh A e i a o igi a d that epeated t adi g/ olo izi g these “outh A e i a s f o : illages Me i o. This ie is i a es ho the ould ha e p e e ted e o i g [ o pletel ] a ultu ated Mesoa e i a s A a alt 7 . “u h i u sio s p o a l led to the e e ge e of the Weste Me i o “haft To T aditio . B follo i g this app oa h, fu the h potheses a d possi le e pla atio s e e d a • : The dis o e of st iki g le i al a d pho ologi al o espo de es et ee P oto)apote a a d p e-Paez sho Oto a guea i Oto a guea pa tiall akes Paez a Colo a t o ds i Cho oa la guages ake up a st atu o espo de es Otopa ea a d E e a la guages a tuall si e a e ’t e o st u ta le eithe to P oto-E of the Cho oa ; this o ta t situatio et ee ust ha e happe ed du i g the • The ase of p ehisto i al o ta ts et ee et ee ig P oto- ep ese t o o i gs o the latte s, e a o to P otoille st a d hi t at a possi le P oto-P oto-Otopa ea Ho ela d i Weste la guages poses a a ui ed so e of thei des e da ts due to o ta t; fo i sta e, the st iki g le i al si ila ities Easte - ia Highla ds. the P oto-Cho oa s a d pa tiall a e la guage i “outh A e i a a d hi ts at a possi le P oto-P oto- )apote a Ho ela d i the “outhe • § Oto a guea iu Colo AD ia. a d Ba a oa uestio . O the o e ha d, o l a ha dful of le i al Oto a guea la guages a d P oto-Ba a oa , “outh Ba a oa la guages o A a Pit ha e ee fou d. O the othe ha d, pa allels ith P oto-Co o u a a ou d. Mo eo e , so e pho ologi al egula ities fo esee et ee P oto-Co o u a a d so e sto k fo i sta e, P oto-)apote a e e also a hes of the Oto a guea a d P oto-Mi te a . It i plies that the e e ge e of the P oto-Co o u a la guage as a esult of st o g li guisti I the light of elia le e o st u tio s of P oto-)apote a -Popolo a if it i deed holds t ue o e p e ise e pla atio a out the positio of Paez i a possi le la guage sto k. e shall ha e a August Ma elo Jolkesk i te fe e es a e th ough eolizatio a d hi ts agai at possi le P oto- P oto-)apote a a d P oto-P oto-Mi te a Ho ela ds i the “outhe Colo ia Highla ds. This o ta t situatio shall e fu the add essed i the futu e. • The e is also a good a ou t of le i al Oto a guea settli g i o o espo de es la guages a d la guage fa ilies ea the Colo “ali a -Hoti a d Ji aja a ; P oto-Mazate a et ee the hose speake s p o a l ee ia A des du i g p ehisto , a el : Tu a oa , ost of the ese la es a e ith P oto-Otopa ea , a d Tlapa e a , a d at least pa t of the a ep ese t o o i gs hi ti g at possi le P oto-P oto-Otopa ea , P oto-P oto-Tlapa e a a d P oto-P oto-Mazate a Ho ela ds i the Colo et ee Otopa ea /Tlapa e a ia Mo taña. The pa allels a d “ali a -Hoti la guages a e spe iall i t igui g, si e the i lude p o ou s a d so e o phologi al affi es. All those o pa iso s shall e fu the add essed i the futu e. Cha t possi le e oli guisti o esu e the e tio s of the Paez la guage, the Ba a oa fa il a d the Duho sto k i the Oto a guea “p a h u d. Cha t : Possi le e oli guisti o e tio s of the Paez la guage, the Ba a oa fa il a d the Duho sto k i the Oto a guea “p a h u d Tlapa e a , Ma guea , Otopa ea , Chi a te a , A uzgoa , Mi te a , Popolo a a d )apote a fa ilies . “i e the P oto-Co o u a la guage o tai s a ele a t li guisti st atu of Oto a guea o igi , it’s plausi le that the p e-P oto-Co o u a s e e Oto a guea la guage speake s that i te i gled ith a f a tio of P oto-Ba a oa speake s that ig ated to the “outhe Colo ia A des du i g p ehisto , hi h the P oto-Co o u a s e e ged. August Ma elo Jolkesk . . THE P‘OTO-MAYAN“ AND THEI‘ O‘IGIN“ C u ial aspe t to o side i follo i g a haeoli guisti aspe ts that li k thei fo efathe s p ehisto i Ma a loa s left i Weste i § , ii Olso ’s lai ge eti all ega di g the o igi s of the P oto-Ma a s a e the , Boli ia la guages, i Ka do i a d i Paez p ese ted that the U u-Chipa a a d the Ma a la guages a e elated, a d iii “ta k’s lai spoke i the No the A othe that Mo hi a – a isolate la guage fo Pe u ia Coast – a d the Ma a la guages a e ge eti all el elated. u ial aspe t is the a haeologi al o e. O the o e ha d, the e is o e ide e that the Ma a s left Mesoa e i a usi g sea o th ig ato /e plo ato oats o afts a d e tu ed i to t a els alo g the Pa ifi Coast of “outh A e i a, e e less i to the Titi a a asi . O the othe ha d, a / ith “outh A e i a: i , Tello , Fo d e ide es al ead , Ku le ought fo t , Ja usek , Caste a s hola s Uhle , highlighted so e i po ta t o elatio s li ki g the Ma a s ith the Cupis i ue-Cha i a d Ti a aku Cultu es. Fo i sta e, i ese la es i thei a hite to i a d i o og aphi t aditio s, a d ii the high eligious status of the jagua . A othe aspe t to o side is the saili g apa ilities o e lo g dista es. A o di g to Callagha :7 , hile o th a d o ages a ha e take as little as t o o ths, south a d o ages ould ha e e tailed at least fi e o ths a d a ha e e ui ed a st ateg that took the afts offsho e fo as lo g as a e ui i g o side a le o th , thus, le gth e dea ou Fu the o e, the e is o e ide e that the Ma a s Taki g all this i to a ou t, I’ aki g a south a d saili g a a igatio al skills Callagha id.: . aste ed te h i ues of offsho e saili g. aisi g the possi ilit that the fo efathe s of the P oto- Ma a s he e the p odu e s of the Cupis i ue-Cha i Cultu e. B assu i g this, it ould e logi al that the P oto-P oto-Ma a s’ ultu al a d li guisti t aits o e e diffused f o a o sou e so e he e i the Pe u ia Coast. Follo i g this ie , a f a tio of the P oto- Ma a s’ fo efathe s ould ha e e ig ated f o u til ea hi g the Guate ala Coast. It “outh A e i a alo g the Pa ifi usi g afts, a ha e happe ed du i g the e d of the d “ta k’s o k is u e tl ei g e ie ed ‘ita Elo a ta as pa t of he PhD disse tatio o the Mo hi a la guage. O e of the st iki g a hite to i a d i o og aphi si ila ities is the use of sto e te o heads p ot udi g f o te ple alls, that ha e ee a al zed as depi tio s of ule s, gods a d/o t a sfo ed sha a s/p iests. August Ma elo Jolkesk ille iu BC a d thei a i al i the the Guate ala Coast te h ologi al a d ultu al ha ges that BC a d the egi ould ha e ought i te se a ked the e d of the Ea l P e lassi i g of the Middle P e lassi – O e possi le e pla atio fo the a a do – BC i the Ma a Ch o olog . e t of thei o igi al “outh A e i a Ho ela d is the oupli g of ha sh li ati /geologi al e e ts, hi h is ot u o o i the a id la ds of Coastal Pe u. O e of su h ases happe ed, fo i sta e, du i g the fi st half of the ille d iu BC, ausi g d a ati i pa ts upo as due to the oupli g of a pe iod du atio – BC pa tiall the sea le el “talle – BC : - ; Dilleha ost Coastal Pe u ia ith Mega El Niño e e ts i ultu es. This eased i f e ue oi ide t ith a pe iod of high-f e ue elated to the last postgla ial a i u a d os illatio s i sea t a sg essio 7: 7 - 7 ; . O the othe ha d, the fo efathe s of the P oto- Ma a s that e ai ed i “outh A e i a o ti ued to p odu e the Cupis i ue-Cha i Cultu e – BC , sp eadi g it i to the Ce t al A des a d late i to the Titi a a asi . Although Olso ’s fa ilies e e ge eti all pa allels pi poi ted , h pothesis that Ma a a d U u-Chipa a la guage elated Olso as effe ti el uled out Ca p ell , the le i al op. it a i stead e see as possi le Ma a spu s left i the U u-Chipa a la guages due to o ta t i p ehisto i al ti es. Altogethe , Olso ’s the e ide e p ese ted i § oka d ake up a li guisti e ide e of the Ma a p ese e i the Boli ia Highla ds du i g p ehisto . Mo eo e , as poi ted Jolkesk : ; - , all th ee add essed eth oli guisti g oups U u-Chipa a , Mosete , Ku za took pa t i the Ci u -Titi a a I te a tio “phe e CTI“ , hose st e gth i it u de e ts BC afte eti p o esses that fused the lo al Titi a a Basi Cultu es Puka a, Chi ipa, Wa ka a i, et . i to a ultu al a d os ologi al o ple T aditio . eased f o a ou d I te esti gl , a haeologi al e o ds st o gl alled the Ya a a a ‘eligious suppo t the lai that those It’s ai e the p esu ptio that the Ma a Ch o olog si e the A hai Pe iod BC - o e e the hole P e lassi Pe iod BC – AD as e ti el p odu ed speake s of Ma a la guages. O e su h lai i plies that a a haeologi al ultu e is e essa il ou d to a spe ifi li guisti fa il a d hu ts the ai p i iples of ultu oge esis a d eth oge esis. Fo o e o this ie , see Jolkesk : - 7 . If this easo i g o es to e t ue, it is possi le that the al ead k o Mi e-)o uea loa s i P oto-Ma a a ep ese t e ide e of a ultu oge eti /eth oge eti p o ess that took pla e ith the ad a e of the P otoMa a s i to Mi e-)o uea la ds. The Ya a a a ‘eligious T aditio se ed as a fu da e tal asis fo the eligious o stitutio of the Ti a aku Cultu e Ti a aku phases I-III a d of the su se ue t Ti a aku E pi e. Its i flue e as su h that f o at least AD it al ead e te ded th oughout the “outh-Ce t al A des Moh -Chá ez : ; ‘e Go zález ; August s Ma elo Jolkesk eti p o esses that led to the e e ge e of Ya a a a ‘eligious T aditio a esult of lo al e olutio , ut e e i effe t hea il i flue ed phase of the olde Cupis i ue-Cha i Cultu e Pe u ia Coast B o a 77 . A o di g to B o ee o e shado ed ult e te i flue i g the highla ds f o the Pa a as – BC – BC that flou ished i the “outh Ce t al 7 ; Moh Cha ez Pa a as a ea, hi h had ea lie e e ot o l a id.: 7 , the Cha i , had e o e the pa a ou t Lake Ju i to Lake Titi a a . I this se se, ased o all the a o e, the e is a eal ha e that ea e s of the Cupis i ue-Cha i T aditio ee speake s of a Ma a la guage. Last ut ot least, a fu the li guist e ide e that elates the Ma a s Cupis i ue-Cha i T aditio a e le i al pa allels that a ith the o stitute p ehisto i Ma a o o i gs i Ka do i. The Ka do i speak a Ma o-A a aka la guage. A o di g to Jolkesk : - , thei a hai fo efathe s e e ged i the Yu gas of Middle Ma añ P oto-P oto-Ka doshi-“hap a du i g the st ille iu P oto-Ma o-A a aka s p odu e s of the Tutish ai o T aditio eth oge i p o esses Kotosh T aditio T aditio i te – – i i g fi stl BC afte a f a tio of the u de e t su essi e ith ea e s of the Kotosh-Wai aji a phase of the BC, Uppe Huallaga a d late BC, Middle Ma añ ith the p odu e s of the Bagua . The e a e, i fa t, se e al e ide es that the e a i s of the Bagua a d Hua u o T aditio s ha e ee i flue ed e a tl featu es of Cupis i ue-Cha i , Kotosh a d Tutish ai o T aditio s “had ; Clas T aditio : / - p esu a l diag osti 7, ; DeBoe . O the othe ha d, the Kotosh-Kotosh phase of the Kotosh as also hea il i flue ed the Cupis i ue-Cha i T aditio . 7 Taki g all this i to a ou t, I’ assu i g the follo i g h potheses that shall e fu the add essed i the futu e: i the Cupis i ue-Cha i Cultu e a d Ti a aku Cultu es hi h ha e i flue ed Kotosh, Bagua, Pa a as as p odu ed Ma a speake s. Ko pisaa i & P ssi e : 7- . The e e ge e of the Ti a aku Cultu e p edates i a i al of a a a a d ke hua speake s f o the “outh Ce t al Pe u ia A des. 7 This led to the e e ge e of the last fase of the Kotosh T aditio : Kotosh-Cha i – a e tu ies the BC . August Ma elo Jolkesk ii the P oto-P oto-P oto-Ka do i-“hap a, p odu e s of the Kotosh-Kotosh fase of the Kotosh T aditio , i te i ed ith those Ma a speake s, esulti g i the afo e e tio ed li guisti a d ultu al i flue es. iii the e e ge e of the Ya a a a ‘eligious T aditio i flue ed a ou d i those Ma a speake s that i as also hea il ig ated fi stl to Pa a as f o BC, a d latte to the Titi a a asi f o a ou d BC. the eth oge esis of the P oto-Ku za , P oto-Mosete a , P oto-U u-Chipa a a d P oto-Puki a speake s took pla e i side the CTI“ a d du i g this p o ess the ha e e gaged i o ta ts ith the afo e e tio ed Ma a speake s; so e le i al pa allels sho i § . a e i fa t o o i gs f o those Ma a sou es a d ep ese t a additio al e ide e of the Ma a p ese e i the Boli ia Highla ds du i g p ehisto . As also poi ted i § , it’s highl plausi le that Le a s a d Misu alpa s eei o ta t ith Hoka speake s du i g p ehisto i al ti es. “i e Le a s a d Misu alpa s a e o ada s e peoples fa f o e e fo ost Hoka speake s, o e possi le e pla atio e l settled lose ould e that those . Taki g i to a ou t the h pothesis that the fo efathe s of the P oto-Ma a s e e ’t o igi all f o Mesoa e i a, the e is a ha e that the Ho ela ds of the P oto-Hoka s, P oto-Misu alpa s a d P oto-Le a s e e so e he e et ee the Pa ifi Coast of Guate ala a d “outhe ha e that those populatio s phase of the Ma a Ch o olog fo ould ha e p odu ed the Ea l -P e lassi of the the – BC a d that the a i al of the fo efathe s of the P oto-Ma a s the No th-Ce t al Pe u ia e o figu atio Me i o. Follo i g this ie , the e is a Coast a ou d BC e isti g Mesoa e i a ould ha e led to a ha sh eth oli guisti ap. O e of su h o se ue es ould e the sp eadi g of those olde Mesoa e i a populatio s i diffe e t di e tio s: i Most des e da ts of P oto-Hoka s Coast u til the U“, It ust e st essed that the Ma a loa Ma a p ese e i “outh A e i a. he e a o ds i Paez, sho e t o th est a d alo g the Pa ifi su g oups e e ged th ough diffe e t i Ta le , is a othe li guisti e ide e of the The fa t that those le i al pa allels et ee Hoka a d Misu alpa o et ee Hoka a d Le a a ep ese t eithe og ates o loa s does ’t i te fe e i the a gu e t that thei speake s e e o e li i g lose . August Ma elo Jolkesk eth oge i p o esses, a d o e P oto-Tol-Ji a uea s e t east a d u til Ho du as. ii P oto Misu alpa s a d P oto Le a s took the southeast oute alo g the Pa ifi Coast u til ea hi g the Gulf of Fo se a, f o he e the sp ead i the hi te la ds of El “al ado , Ho du as a d Ni a agua. Although those h potheses a o se ati e esea he , I st o gl e ide e ep ese ts p oofs that a a e see as p e atu e o e e o t o e sial a elie e that all the afo e e tio ed i te dis ipli a ot e fu the egle ted a d ust e a ou ted fo i di e ge t app oa h. At this ti e, the assu ptio s ega di g i the o igi s of the P oto- Ma a s, a d ii Le a s he e/ho the Hoka s e te ed i o ta t ith the Misu alpa s a d the ust e take as i sights a d shall e fu the add essed i the futu e i the light of o e e ide es o ou te -e ide es . . CONCLUDING ‘EMA‘K“ The i te dis ipli a the follo i g populatio st e ide e ought e i this stud o e e ts happe ed du i g P ehisto : o populatio : fo efathe s of the P oto-Ma a s. o date: - BC. o p o a le oute o e Coast of Guate ala. ig ato a e : Pe u ia Coast No te Chi o >>> Pa ifi o p o a le ause: populatio e odus due to ha sh li ati d aised the possi ilit that oupled e e ts. o populatio s: fo efathe s of the so alled Oto a guea s : P oto-P otoOtopa ea s, P oto-P oto-Chi a te a s, P oto-P oto-)apote a s, P oto-P otoPopolo a s P oto-P oto-A uzgoa s, P oto-P oto-Mi te a s, P oto-P otoTlapa e a s, P oto-P oto-Ma guea s. o date: 7 BC - DC. o p o a le oute a “outhe a d Weste ig ato Me i o. a es : Weste Colo ia >>> Pa ifi Coast of o p o a le ause: t ade, e pa sio o possi l populatio e odus due to a e a ka le high i ease i ol a i a ti it alo g the No the A des E uado a d Colo ia et ee 7 BC – AD Ve zke . August d Ma elo Jolkesk o populatio : Ma a speake s p odu e s of the Cha i Cultu e . o date: a ou d BC. o p o a le oute: Pa a as egio >>> Titi a a Basi . o p o a le ause: the fall of Cha i de Hua ta a d the e e ge e of P otoQue hua do i a e i the Ce t al Pe u ia A des. If those h potheses o e to e alid, it ill ha e p ofou d o se ue es i the u de sta di g of the adle a d e olutio of the A dea a d Mesoa e i a Ci ilizatio s. ABB‘EVIATION“ LANGUAGE“ ACH A hu a i GK AKA Akateko GLL AMG A uzgo GM G eate Ma ea AT) Atepe )apote GQ Chujea -Qa jo al-Kotoke AWA A akateko GTz UK+PQ AWP A a Pit HTI Hoti AYM “. B. A autla Mazate HUM Huautla de Ji e ez Mazate BTO Betoi HV“ Ha asupai CH Chi hi e o I I ila CHL Ch’ol I“) Isth us )apote CHO Cho ho IXL I il CH‘ Cho ti JCK Ji a ue CHT Ch’olti JDM Jalapa de Díaz Mazate CM Ce t al Ma a JU) Jua ez )apote CM‘ Chi a iko KAK Ca aope a CO) Coatla )apote KAQ Ka hikeel CPN Chiapa e KCH K’i he’ CQM “. J. Chi uihuitla Mazate KKP Kokopa C‘T Cho ote KLW Kili a CTL-H Highla d Cho tal KMK Co e udo CTL-L Lo la d Cho tal Kp K’i he’a P ope CU) Cuitla )apote K‘G Ko eguaje DGÑ Diegueño LKA-H Ho du a Le ka EM Easte LKA-“ “al ado ea Le ka ETKN P oto-Easte -Tu a oa LL Lo la d Ma a GBN Gua LOM “. L. Cuau e uiltitla Mazate Ma a ia o WM+EM GM+GK 7 G eate K’i he’a UK+PQ Yu+G eate Tzeltala I+Mp Yu+Chola August Ma elo Jolkesk MAK Maku a PMT) P oto-Matlazi a MAM Ma e PM)T P oto-Mazate a MA) Mazahua POM-C Ce t al Po o MCH Mo ho POM-N No the MHV Moha e POM-NE No theaste MH) Miahuatla )apote POM-“ “outhe MI) Mitla )apote POM-“E “outheaste Po o MKO Mako POM-“W “outh este Po o MKT Miskitu POP Popti MOP Mopa POTP P oto-Otopa ea M‘K Ma ikopa PPLH P oto-Palaih iha MTG Matagalpa PPOM P oto-Po oa MT) Matlatzi a PPPL P oto-Popolo a M)M Mazatla de Flo es Mazate PPYUM P oto-P oto-Yu a N.EB‘ No the E PQM Po o a NP No the Pa e P“BK P oto-“outhe -Ba a oa NPO No the Popolo a P“LB P oto-“ali a OCU O uilte PTKN P oto-Tu a oa OC) O otla )apote PTLJ P oto-Tol-Ji a ue O‘E O ejo PYUM P oto-Yu a OTM Oto i P)PT P oto-)apote a PBBK P oto-Ba a oa QAN Q’a jo ’al P“BK P oto-“outhe -Ba a oa QEQ Q’e hi’ PCH Po o ‘C) ‘i pCh P oto-Ch’ola “.EB‘ “outhe PCHK P oto-Cho oa “AK “akapulteko PCNT P oto-Chi a te a “BT “u tia a PCPN P oto-Chiapa e a “B) “. B. Chi hi apa PCTL P oto-Cho tal Hoka “C) “. J. Coate as )apote PCTN P oto-Chati o “DM “to. D. del ‘ío Mazate PEB‘ P oto-E ea “EK “e o a PHue Huehuete a go GQ+GM “HT “hasta PIA Pia oa “IO “io a PKOK P oto-Co o u a “LB “ali a PLKA P oto-Le ka “LN “ali a pM P oto-Ma a “MU “u u PM“M P oto-Misu alpa “OM “. M. “o oltepe Mazate PMTK P oto-Mi te a “P “outhe ea hii’ Po o Po o Po o )apote E ea Pa e )apote August Ma elo Jolkesk “‘I “e i UK Uspa teko-K’i he’a “Y) “a Pa lo Yaga iza )apote ULW Ul a TEK Teko U“P Uspa teko TFK Tsafi ui VA) Villa Alta )apote TKN Tuka o WA“ Wasteko TOJ Tojol’a ’al WLP Walapai TPI Tipai WM Weste TPN Tlapa e WNN Wau a a TT‘ Toto o WTKN P oto-Weste -Tu a oa TU) Tuza teko YA) Yatza hi )apote T)E Tzeltal YMA Yu a T)O Tzotzil YNA Ya a T)U tz’utujiil Yu P oto-Yukateka TWK Tla ika YVP Ya apai Ma a GTz+GQ ABB‘EVIATION“ LINGUI“TIC NOTATION Fi st pe so “e o d pe so Thi d pe so ANP A tipassi e CLF Classifie E E lusi e IN“T‘ I st u e tal LOC Lo ati e NM) P P‘E“ P“T ‘EAL “ “UB No i alize Plu al P ese t te se Past ‘ealis “i gula “u je t BIBLIOG‘APHY ALDENDE‘FE‘, M.; C‘AIG, N. M.; “PEAKMAN, ‘. J.; POPELKA-FILCOFF, ‘. . Fou thousa d- ea -old gold a tifa ts f o the Lake Titi a a asi , southe Pe u. PNAS, : – . ANAWALT, P. ‘. . A ie t Cultu al Co ta ts et ee E uado , West Me i o, a d the A e i a “outh est: Clothi g “i ila ities. Lati A e i a A ti uit , . : . A‘GUEDA“ CO‘TÉ“, G. ‘. . Los Fo e as “eg e tales del P otole a: ‘e o st u i Co pa ati a. Filología li güísti a, XIV: . August Ma elo Jolkesk BA‘THOLOMEW, D. A. . The e o st u tio of Otopa ea of Chi ago. PhD disse tatio . BAUE‘N“CHMIDT, A.; “ãNCHE) FLO‘E“, I.; GA‘CÍA, M. B. tlapa e o de Mali altepe . Ma us ipt. Me i o . Chi ago: U i e sit 7 . Pe ueño o a ula io del BEAM DE A)CONA, ‘. G. . A Coatlá -Lo i ha )apote g a U i e sit of Califo ia. PhD disse tatio . BENITO, A. A. ET ALII Pape s, . BOUDA, K. . Vo a ula io ási o e a Me i o . Be kele : eꞌphaa. SIL-Me i o Ele t o i Wo ki g 7 . Tlapa ek u d “u tia a. U al-Altais he Jah ü he , 7: - . B‘OCKWAY, E.; B‘OCKWAY, T. H.; “ANTO“ VALDÉ“, L. . Di io a io Náhuatl del o te del estado de Pue la Se ie de o a ula ios di io a ios i díge as Ma ia o Sil a A e es, . Co oa á : I stituto Li güísti o de Ve a o. B‘OWMAN, D. 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El Idio a Ca aope a Cole ió A t opología e Histo ia, Mi iste io de Edu a i , Di e i de pu li a io es. _________ . Dista t Ge eti A th opologi al Li guisti s, : - . _________; OLT‘OGGE, D. Li guisti s, : . : - . . “a “al ado : ‘elatio ship a d the Ma a-Chipa a H pothesis. . P oto-Tol Ji a ue . I te atio al Jou al of A e i a 7 August Ma elo Jolkesk CAPEN, C. J. . Di io a io Mazate o de Chi uihuitlá , Oa a a Se ie de o a ula ios di io a ios i díge as "Ma ia o Sil a A e es", Tu so : I stituto Li güísti o de Ve a o. CA“TEX, A. D. . Jagua Ma ifestatio i Mesoa e i a a d Pe u. “a F a is o: “a F a is o “tate U i e sit . Maste ’s Thesis. CA)E“, D. 77 . Mate iales Li güísti os pa a la e o st u i Me o Otopa e . A e i dia, :7 . de la Cultu a Hña-Ma lasi a– CIDCA; ULCK; CODIUL/UYUTMUBAL . Di io a io ele e tal del ul a su u e idio al . Ma agua: CIDCA; Ca idge: LPCC“/MIT. CLA“BY, ‘. P. . E plo i g Lo g Te Cultu al De elop e ts a d I te egio al I te a tio i the Easte Slopes of the A des: A Case stud f o the site of Hua u o, Jaé Regio , Pe u. Ne Ha e : Yale U i e sit . PhD disse tatio . CLINE, K. . The to e s ste Dakota. Maste ’s Thesis. of A atepe Me'paa. G a d Fo ks: U i e sit of No th CON“TENLA-UMAÑA, A. 7 . Ele e tos de fo ología o pa ada de las le guas isu alpas. Re ista de Filología Li güísti a de la U i e sidad de Costa Ri a, : . _________ . A e a de la ela i ge eal gi a de las le guas le as las le guas isu alpas. Re ista de Filología Li güísti a de la U i e sidad de Costa Ri a, : . _________ . ¿E iste ela i ge eal gi a e t e las le guas hi he ses? Estudios de Li güísti a Chi ha, :7- . _________; PEÑA, E. M. li güísti a, 7: 7. las Ele e tos de fo ología o pa ada Cho . Filología COU‘O, T.; HUTCHE“ON, C. Museu P ess. 7 . Di tio a C‘AWFO‘D, J. M. . Co opa di tio a Be kele : U i . of Califo ia P ess. CUBILLO“, J. C. la ‘epú li a. isu alpas of Mesa G a de Diegueño. 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De Hoka-Sp a hsta A eitsge ei s haft, Heft . : Na ht ag I A ha dlu ge de Völke ku dli he _________ . De Hoka-Sp a hsta A eitsge ei s haft, Heft . : Na ht ag II A ha dlu ge de Völke ku dli he _________ . De Hoka-Sp a hsta A eitsge ei s haft, Heft . : Na ht ag II A ha dlu ge de Völke ku dli he HAA“, M. ‘. . Tu i a di tio a U i e sit of Califo ia Pu li atio s i Li guisti s, . . Be kele : U i e sit of Califo ia P ess. HAMP, E. P. . To a d the efi e e t of Chiapa e -Ma gue o pa ati e pho olog . I A tas Me o ias, 7. M i o D.F.: I stituto Na io al de A t opología e Histo ia. HA“LE‘, J. A. . ‘e o st u io es Matlatzi a-O uilte as. A ales del I stituto Na io al de A t opología e Histo ia, XIII: - 7 . HEND‘ICH“ PÉ‘E), P. ‘. . U estudio p eli i a so e la le gua uitlate a de “a Miguel Totolapa . El Mé i o A tiguo, : . HE‘‘AN) HE‘‘AN), A. 7 . El le a de Ho du as, u a le gua Re ista del Ce t o de i estiga io es egio ales de Mesoa é i a, o i u da. Mesoa é i a: : . HILTON, K. “. . 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DeLa e ed. , Pape s f o the Hoka –Pe utia La guages Wo kshop U i e sit of O ego Pape s i Li guisti s. Pu li atio s of the Ce te fo A e i dia Li guisti s a d Eth og aph , , – . Euge e: Depa t e t of Li guisti s, U i e sit of O ego . _________ Li guisti s . Oto-Ma gea La guages. I : K. B o d ed. , Vol. , – . ed. , E lopedia of La guage & _________ . Ea l Oto-Ma guea ho ela ds a d ultu es: so e p e atu e h potheses. I stitute fo Mesoa e i a “tudies, Al a U i e sit , “tate U i e sit of Ne Yo k. Ma us ipt. A aila le at: <http:// .al a .edu/i s/PDLMA_pu li atio s_ e .ht l> _________ a . P oto-Sapotek a Re o st u tio s. I stitute fo Mesaoa e i a “tudies, U i e sit at Al a , “tate U i e sit of Ne Yo k. Ma us ipt. A aila le at: <http:// .al a .edu/i s/PDLMA_pu li atio s_ e .ht l> _________ . Tlapa eko-Sutia a, Oto a gea , a d Hoka : he e G ee e g e t o g. I stitute fo Mesoa e i a “tudies, U i e sit at Al a , “tate U i e sit of Ne Yo k. Ma us ipt. 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