GARTH, Circuit Judge.
Does the Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA") allow an alien who entered the country as a refugee, and subsequently adjusted his status to become a lawful permanent resident ("LPR"), to be placed in removal proceedings although the Attorney General never terminated his refugee status pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1157(c)(4)? We conclude that it does.
Because we answer that question in the affirmative — and because we conclude that the Immigration Judge ("IJ") in this case did not violate petitioner's due process rights by limiting the number of witnesses he could call to testify at his immigration hearing — we deny Mr. Romanishyn's petition for review.
I.
Vasiliy Ostapovich Romanishyn was born in Ukraine on July 14, 1984. On March 11, 1996, at the age of eleven, he entered the United States with his family as a refugee pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1157. He adjusted his status to that of a lawful permanent resident, or LPR, on June 26, 1997.
In 2003, Mr. Romanishyn was convicted twice for burglary in violation of 18 PA. CONS. STAT. ANN. § 3502(a). For the first conviction, which occurred in the York County Court of Common Pleas on July 1, 2003, he was sentenced to incarceration and served for a period of 8-23 months. For the second conviction, which occurred in the Cumberland County Court of Common Pleas on August 26, 2003, he was sentenced to incarceration and served for a period of 4-12 months.
As a result of his convictions, the INS initiated removal proceedings against Mr. Romanishyn. The Notice to Appear, issued on February 6, 2004, charged that Mr. Romanishyn was subject to removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) (as an alien who had been convicted of an aggravated felony) and 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii) (as an alien who had been convicted of two or more crimes involving moral turpitude, not arising out of a single scheme of criminal conduct).
In removal proceedings, Mr. Romanishyn claimed that he feared he would be persecuted because he is a Baptist, if he were sent back to Ukraine. He was not eligible to apply for asylum because the offenses for which he had been convicted were "aggravated felonies." 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(2)(A)(ii) & (b)(2)(B)(i). The IJ allowed him to submit an application for withholding of removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A), however, because he found that the felonies were not "particularly serious crimes" under 8 U.S.C. § 123 1(b)(3)(B)(ii).
In his pre-hearing brief, Mr. Romanishyn argued that it was error for him to be placed into removal proceedings in the first place because, though he had acquired LPR status, he still maintained his original "refugee" status as well, and the latter status exempted him from removal. The IJ summarily rejected that argument.
At a June 1, 2004 hearing, Mr. Romanishyn's attorney announced that he planned to call nine witnesses to testify at the merits hearing on his client's withholding of removal application. This exchange ensued:
Ultimately, at Mr. Romanishyn's June 30, 2004 merits hearing, only one witness, his uncle, testified. However, Mr. Romanishyn did submit statements from the other witnesses he had wanted to call, and the IJ considered them.
In an opinion dated September 1, 2004, the IJ denied Mr. Romanishyn's application for withholding of removal for two reasons. First, he found the documentary evidence Mr. Romanishyn submitted, inadequate to fulfill his burden of establishing a clear probability that, if returned to Ukraine, he would be persecuted on account of his religion. Second, he found that the evidence did not show that Mr. Romanishyn had suffered past persecution, and so the regulatory presumption of future persecution, 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(1), was not triggered.
On appeal to the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA"), Mr. Romanishyn (1) renewed his argument that though he had acquired LPR status, he maintained his
On April 5, 2005, Mr. Romanishyn challenged his final order of removal by filing a petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in the District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania. The District Court granted a stay of removal pending decision on the habeas petition.
On June 21, 2005, the District Court transferred the habeas petition to this court pursuant to Section 106(c) of the REAL ID Act. See Bonhometre v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d 442, 446 (3d Cir.2005) (noting that pursuant to Section 106(c), "all habeas petitions brought by aliens that were pending in the district courts on the date the REAL ID Act became effective (May 11, 2005) are to be converted to petitions for review and transferred to the appropriate court of appeals").
In his converted petition for review, Mr. Romanishyn renews the arguments that he may not be removed because he maintains his protective refugee status, and that the IJ violated his due process rights by limiting to two the number of witnesses he could call at his hearing.
II.
A.
The BIA exercised jurisdiction pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(b)(3). We exercise jurisdiction over this converted petition for review pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). Our jurisdiction extends only to constitutional claims and questions of law. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D); Papageorgiou v. Gonzales, 413 F.3d 356, 358 (3d Cir.2005). Whether an alien who entered the country as a refugee and subsequently acquired LPR status may be placed in removal proceedings even though his refugee status was never terminated under 8 U.S.C. § 1157(c)(4), is a question of law. Whether the IJ violated the requirements of due process when he limited the number of witnesses that Mr. Romanishyn could call at the immigration hearing, is a constitutional claim.
B.
We turn first to the primary question on this appeal: Does the INA allow an alien who entered the country as a refugee, and subsequently adjusted his status to become an LPR, to be placed in removal proceedings although the Attorney General never terminated his refugee status pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1157(c)(4)? We appear to be the first Court of Appeals to address this question squarely. We review the "BIA's legal decisions de novo, but will afford Chevron deference to the BIA's reasonable interpretations of statutes which it is charged with administering." Francois v. Gonzales, 448 F.3d 645, 648 (3d Cir.2006) (quotation and citation omitted).
In 2004, this court ordered the BIA to address the precise question here at issue. Smriko v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 279 (3d Cir. 2004). In response, the BIA held in a 2005 opinion that, contrary to Mr. Romanishyn's argument, an alien whose refugee status has not been terminated pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1157(c)(4), and who has acquired LPR status, may be removed.
The BIA's reasoning in its opinion and its ultimate conclusion are not unreasonable. Therefore, despite the fact that Mr. Romanishyn marshals several arguments in favor of his contrary interpretation of the INA, we must defer to the BIA's interpretation under the principles of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984).
1.
A refugee is defined by 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42) as
The Attorney General may admit to the United States "any refugee who is not firmly resettled in any foreign country, is determined to be of special humanitarian concern to the United States, and is admissible . . . as an immigrant." 8 U.S.C. § 1157(c)(1); 8 C.F.R. § 207.
The standard for determining whether a refugee is "admissible as an immigrant" at the moment of his entry into this country is significantly more lenient than the standard used to determine whether a person who is seeking admission — but who is not a refugee — is admissible. Specifically, many of the bars to admission imposed on the latter group (non-refugees) by 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a) are waived for refugees,
The Attorney General may terminate the refugee status of an alien at any time if he determines that the person was not, in fact, a refugee within the meaning of 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42) at the time of his entry, i.e., if the Attorney General made a mistake in allowing him to enter as a refugee in the first place. 8 U.S.C. § 1157(c)(4); 8 C.F.R. § 207.9. This is the only ground on which the INA allows termination of refugee status. See Matter of Garcia-Alzugaray, 19 I & N Dec. 407, 409 (BIA 1986) ("The sole basis for terminating the status of an alien . . . who was admitted to the United States as a refugee under [8 U.S.C. § 1157] is a determination that he was not a refugee within the meaning of [8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42) ] at the time of his admission."). After an alien's refugee status has been terminated, he is placed into removal proceedings. 8 C.F.R. § 207.9.
Every refugee admitted under 8 U.S.C. § 1157 whose refugee status has not been terminated is required, one year after entry into the United States, to submit an application to adjust status and become an LPR, i.e., to be "admitted for permanent residence."
A refugee whose refugee status was not terminated pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1157(c)(4), and who has not yet been adjudicated inadmissible by an immigration officer in the course of applying for LPR status pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 209.1, may not be placed in removal proceedings, even if he has engaged in conduct that would subject a non-refugee to removal. Garcia-Alzugaray, 19 I & N at 410. To that limited extent, refugee status is a protected status.
2.
In 2004 — in Smriko v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 279 (3d Cir.2004) — this court was faced with the precise question that is now before it again. Sejid Smriko had entered the United States as a refugee pursuant to
We held that the INA did not explicitly answer the question of whether an alien's protected refugee status persists unless terminated pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1157, or whether it automatically is extinguished when he acquires LPR status. Id. at 288. We acknowledged that there was support in the legislative history for both Smriko's interpretation and the government's.
In such a situation, where Congressional intent is obscure, we stated, we would normally apply Chevron deference to the agency's interpretation of the statute, so long as that construction was reasonable. By affirming the IJ's decision without opinion, however, the BIA failed to advance an interpretation of the statute — let alone a reasonable interpretation. We therefore remanded the Smriko case to the BIA, instructing the BIA to "exercise its expertise and address Smriko's proposed reading of the INA." Id at 281.
3.
After Mr. Romanishyn had filed his opening brief in this appeal, but before the government filed its opposition brief,
As noted above, the Board so held, not because it believed the acquisition of LPR status itself "terminated" refugee status, but because refugee status never provided absolute exemption from removal in the first place. Thus, refugees who have become LPRs may be removed even if their refugee status is not in the process "terminated."
To demonstrate that refugees never possess absolute exemption from removal, the Board pointed to the provisions of the INA that govern removal, which refer to "the alien," and "any alien," and do not distinguish between aliens who were admitted as refugees and those who were not. The Board also pointed (as the government did here) to the provision that allows refugees to be removed at the time they apply to become LPRs if they are found inadmissible under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a). 8 U.S.C. § 1159(a); 8 C.F.R. § 209.1.
If a refugee may be removed before he becomes an LPR, the Board reasoned, it follows that he may be removed after he becomes an LPR.
Id. at 840-841.
4.
Under Chevron, when a court reviews an agency's construction of the statute it administers, it must ask whether the intent of Congress on the precise question at issue is clear. If it is not clear — i.e., if the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the question at issue — the court must ask whether the agency's interpretation is a permissible construction of the statute. 467 U.S. 837, 842-843, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694. If it is, the court must defer to that interpretation.
The Supreme Court has held that it is appropriate for a court to apply Chevron deference to BIA interpretations of the INA. INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 425, 119 S.Ct. 1439, 143 L.Ed.2d 590 (1999) (citing INS v. Cardoza Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 448-449, 107 S.Ct. 1207, 94 L.Ed.2d 434 (1987)). Such deference is, in fact, particularly appropriate in the immigration context, the Court has held, because immigration "officials `exercise especially sensitive political functions that implicate questions of foreign relations.'" Id. (quoting INS v. Abudu, 485 U.S. 94, 110, 108 S.Ct. 904, 99 L.Ed.2d 90 (1988)).
Our court had previously determined in Smriko v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 279, 288 (3d Cir.2004) that Congress in its immigration legislation was ambiguous and did not furnish a clear answer to the question posed in Smriko and which we asked at the outset of this opinion. Moreover, the legislative history gives conflicting indications about Congressional intent. Id. Thus we asked for the BIA's answer to this question and, now that we have received it (with the 2005 BIA opinion), our task is to decide if the BIA's interpretation is "a permissible construction of the statute." Under this second step of the Chevron test, the court
Zheng v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 98, 119 (3d Cir.2005) (quotations and citations omitted).
That the INA addresses termination of refugee status in only one provision — 8 U.S.C. § 1157(c)(4) — might suggest, as Mr. Romanishyn argues, that refugee status persists indefinitely unless it is terminated pursuant to that provision. But, as the BIA points out, a refugee may under some circumstances be removed even if his refugee status has not been terminated. We are not only persuaded that the BIA answered the question we put to it satisfactorily, but we are satisfied as well that its answer is correct and reasonable. It was reasonable for the BIA to conclude that, because aliens who entered as refugees were not protected absolutely from removal at the moment they were applying for LPR status, Congress did not intend for them to have such absolute protection after they became LPRs. For these reasons, the interpretation of the INA that the BIA offered in In re Smriko "harmonizes with the plain language of the statute, its origin, and purpose," Zheng, 422 F.3d at 119, and is a permissible construction to which we should defer.
We thus hold that an alien who, like Mr. Romanishyn, entered the United States as a refugee pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1157, subsequently adjusted his status to become an LPR pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1159(a), and then was convicted of an aggravated felony and/or two or more crimes of moral turpitude, not arising out of a single scheme of criminal conduct, may be placed into removal proceedings pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) and 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii), though his refugee status was never terminated pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1157(c)(4).
C.
Finally, we reject Mr. Romanishyn's argument that the IJ denied him due process when he limited the number of witnesses who could testify at the hearing on his application for withholding of removal. We exercise plenary review over procedural due process claims. Singh v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 533, 541 (3d Cir.2006); Bonhometre v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d 442, 446 (3d Cir.2005).
Aliens facing removal are entitled to due process. Kamara v. Attorney General, 420 F.3d 202, 211 (3d Cir.2005). Due process in this context requires that an alien be provided with a full and fair hearing and a reasonable opportunity to present evidence. Singh, 432 F.3d at 541 (citing Chong v. Dist. Dir., INS, 264 F.3d 378, 386 (3d Cir.2001)); Abdulrahman v. Ashcroft, 330 F.3d 587, 596 (3d Cir.2003). To prevail on a due process claim, an alien must show substantial prejudice. Singh, 432 F.3d at 541; Bonhometre, 414 F.3d at 448.
Mr. Romanishyn was afforded a reasonable opportunity to present evidence. The court did indeed restrict him from calling all the witnesses he wanted to call in person at his hearing. "IJs are entitled," however, "to broad . . . discretion over the conduct of trial proceedings so long as those proceedings do not amount to a denial of the fundamental fairness to which aliens are entitled." Muhanna v. Gonzales, 399 F.3d 582, 587 (3d Cir.2005) (quotation omitted). Here, the denial of Mr. Romanishyn's request to call more witnesses in person did not amount to a denial of fundamental fairness, and did not substantially prejudice Mr. Romanishyn. Mr. Romanishyn was permitted to
For all of these reasons, we reject Mr. Romanishyn's due process claim.
III.
We will deny Mr. Romanishyn's petition for review.
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