| | The Families of Angiosperms |
Including Leuchtenbergiaceae Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff., Nopalaceae (Nopaleaceae) Burnett, Opuntiaceae Martinov
Habit and leaf form. Mostly bizzare herbs, or shrubs; non-laticiferous, without coloured juice (usually), or laticiferous (rarely). ‘Normal’ plants (more or less, in Pereskieae only), or switch-plants; nearly always ‘cactoid’, with succulent, photosynthetic stems (with highly modified short-shoots represented by ‘areoles’ which usually bear spines representing modified leaves, as well as hairs and/or bristles). Leaves well developed (Pereskieae), or much reduced to absent (mostly, persuasively interpretable as having (1), main stem leaves variously absent or vestigial, often reduced to their bases and represented by more or less conspicuous tubercles; and (2), leaves of the areolar short-shoots represented by spines). Plants succulent (mostly), or non-succulent (Pereskieae, with only ‘more or less fleshy’ leaves). Perennial. Self supporting, or epiphytic, or climbing (occasionally, e.g. Pereskia spp.); when climbing, scrambling. Pachycaul. Xerophytic. Leaves when present and identifiable as such, often caducous; of main stems, when present, usually minute to small, or medium-sized (Pereskieae); when present on main stems flat, or rolled, or terete; ‘herbaceous’, or fleshy, or membranous (usually small and ephemeral), or modified into spines (in the areoles); of main stems, when present, petiolate to sessile; simple. Lamina entire; when present on main stems, one-veined, or pinnately veined; cross-venulate, or without cross-venules. Leaves exstipulate.
General anatomy. Plants with laticifers (anastomosing, e.g. in Coryphantha, Leuchtenbergia, Neomamillaria), or without laticifers (usually).
Leaf anatomy. Minor leaf veins without phloem transfer cells (Opuntia, Zygocactus).
Axial (stem, wood) anatomy. Secretory cavities present, or absent; when present, with latex, or with mucilage (but mucilage cells much commoner). Cork cambium present; initially superficial. Nodes when recorded, unilacunar (with one trace, this often bi- or multi-fid). Primary vascular tissues principally comprising a ring of bundles (but sometimes exhibiting additional strands in the cortex and/or pith); collateral. Internal phloem absent. Cortical bundles present, or absent. Medullary bundles present, or absent. Secondary thickening usually ultimately developing from a conventional cambial ring (via an interfascicular cambium linking the main ring of bundles). Primary medullary rays wide. The axial xylem with vessels (usually), or without vessels.
The wood diffuse porous, or semi-ring porous to diffuse porous. The vessels very small (mostly), or medium to large (e.g., large in Pereskia); solitary, radially paired, in radial multiples, and clustered, or in tangential arcs (rarely). The vessel end-walls simple (typically), or reticulately perforated (rarely). The vessels without vestured pits; without spiral thickening. The axial xylem with tracheids, or without tracheids; without vasicentric tracheids; without fibre tracheids; with libriform fibres; at least sometimes including septate fibres, or without septate fibres. The fibres without spiral thickening. The parenchyma typically paratracheal. ‘Included’ phloem absent.
Reproductive type, pollination. Unisexual flowers absent. Plants hermaphrodite (usually). Pollination anemophilous, or entomophilous, or ornithophilous, or chiropterophilous.
Inflorescence, floral, fruit and seed morphology. Flowers solitary, or aggregated in ‘inflorescences’; terminal or lateral; when aggregated, in cymes. The ultimate inflorescence units cymose. Flowers medium-sized to large (often showy); fragrant (often), or odourless; regular to somewhat irregular; when irregular, zygomorphic. The floral irregularity (when noticeable) involving the perianth, or involving the perianth and involving the androecium. Flowers partially acyclic. The perianth acyclic, or the perianth acyclic and the androecium acyclic. Free hypanthium present, or absent.
Perianth sequentially intergrading from sepals to petals, or petaline; 20–100 (‘many’); basally joined, or free; spotted; green and white, or cream, or yellow, or orange, or red, or pink, or purple.
Androecium 15–100 (‘many’). Androecial members branched, or unbranched; maturing centrifugally; free of the perianth (occasionally), or adnate (to the perianth tube); free of one another, or coherent (sometimes in groups). Androecium exclusively of fertile stamens. Stamens 15–100 (‘many’). Anthers dehiscing via longitudinal slits; introrse; bilocular; tetrasporangiate. Endothecium developing fibrous thickenings. Anther epidermis persistent. Microsporogenesis simultaneous. The initial microspore tetrads tetrahedral. Anther wall initially with one middle layer. Tapetum glandular. Pollen grains aperturate; 3 aperturate, or 6–15 aperturate; colpate, or foraminate, or rugate; spinulose; 3-celled (recorded in 8 genera).
Gynoecium 3–100 carpelled (to ‘many’). The pistil 1 celled (nearly always), or 2–15 celled (?—Pereskia). Gynoecium syncarpous; synstylovarious; inferior (nearly always), or superior (Pereskia). Ovary 1 locular (but occasionally partially partitioned). Locules partially secondarily divided by ‘false septa’ (Pereskia), or without ‘false septa’ (usually). Epigynous disk present (within the hypanthium). Gynoecium stylate. Styles 1; apical. Stigmas 3–100 (as many as G); wet type; non-papillate; Group IV type. Placentation parietal (usually), or basal (Pereskia). Ovules in the single cavity 15–100 (‘many’); long funicled; arillate, or non-arillate; circinotropous, campylotropous (usually), or anatropous; bitegmic; crassinucellate. Outer integument not contributing to the micropyle. Embryo-sac development Polygonum-type. Polar nuclei fusing prior to fertilization. Antipodal cells formed; 3; not proliferating; ephemeral. Synergids hooked (sometimes with filiform apparatus). Endosperm formation nuclear.
Fruit fleshy (usually), or non-fleshy; indehiscent (usually), or dehiscent (rarely); a capsule (rarely), or a berry (usually). Seeds non-endospermic. Perisperm present, or absent. Seeds winged, or wingless. Seeds with starch. Embryo rudimentary at the time of seed release to well differentiated. Cotyledons 2 (when differentiated, free or united). Embryo achlorophyllous (in all 5 species from the 4 genera sampled); straight, or curved (usually), or other than straight, curved, bent or coiled (sometimes spiral).
Seedling. Germination phanerocotylar.
Physiology, phytochemistry. CAM (nearly always), or C3 (very rarely). C3 physiology recorded directly in Pereskia, in the leaves only. CAM recorded directly in Bergerocactus, Carnegiea, Cereus, Cephalocereus, Chamaecereus, Copiapoa, Coryphantha, Echinocactus, Echinocereus, Echinopsis, Eulychnia, Ferocactus, Lobivia, Lophocereus, Machaerocereus, Mammillaria, Melocactus, Myrtillocactus, Neochilena, Neolloydia, Nopalea, Notocactus, Opuntia, Pachycereus, Phyllocactus, Pilocopiapoa, Rhipsalis, Rhipsalidopsis, Trichocereus, Zygocactus (etc.? — ‘all genera’, according to Smith and Winter, 1996). Cyanogenic (rarely), or not cyanogenic. Alkaloids present (usually), or absent. Iridoids not detected. Betalains present (where sought). Saponins/sapogenins present, or absent. Proanthocyanidins absent. Flavonols present, or absent; quercetin, or kaempferol and quercetin. Ellagic acid absent (3 genera). Sieve-tube plastids P-type; type III (a).
Geography, cytology. Temperate, sub-tropical, and tropical. Chiefly in the drier regions of tropical America, but reaching Patagonia and ascending to the High Andes; only Rhipsalis (perhaps introduced) in Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Ceylon. X = 11. Supposed basic chromosome number of family: 11.
Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Crassinucelli. Dahlgren’s Superorder Caryophylliflorae; Caryophyllales. Cronquist’s Subclass Caryophyllidae; Caryophyllales. APG III core angiosperms; core eudicot; Superorder Caryophyllanae. APG IV Order Caryophyllales.
Species about 2000. Genera about 90 (according to Gunn et al. 1992, other estimates varying from 50 to 150); Acanthocalycium, Acanthocereus, Aporocactus, Ariocarpus, Armatocereus, Arrojadoa, Arthrocereus, Astrophytum, Austrocactus, Aztekium, Bergerocactus, Blossfeldia, Brachycereus, Brasilicereus, Browningia, Calymmanthium, Carnegiea, Cephalocereus, Cereus, Cipocereus, Cleistocactus, Coleocephalocereus, Copiapoa, Corryocactus, Coryphantha, Cylindropuntia, Denmoza, Discocactus, Disocactus, Echinocactus, Echinocereus, Echinopsis, Epiphyllum, Epithelantha, Eriosyce, Escobaria, Espostoa, Espostoopsis, Eulychnia, Facheiroa, Ferocactus, Frailea, Gymnocalycium, Haageocereus, Harrisia, Hatiora, Heliocereus, Hylocereus, Jasminocereus, Leocereus, Lepismium, Leptocereus, Leuchtenbergia, Lophophora, Maihuenia, Mammillaria, Melocactus, Micranthocereus, Mila, Myrtillocactus, Neolloydia, Neoporteria, Neoraimondia, Neowerdomannia, Obregonia, Opuntia, Oreocereus, Pachycereus, Parodia, Pediocactus, Pelecyphora, Peniocereus, Pereskia (stems), Pereskiopsis, Pilosocereus, Pseudorhipsalis, Pterocactus, Rebutia, Rhipsalis, Samaipaticereus, Schlumbergera, Sclerocactus, Selenicereus, Stenocactus, Stenocereus, Stephanocereus, Stetsonia, Strombocactus, Tacinga, Thelocactus, Uebelmannia, Weberbauerocereus, Weberocereus, Zygocactus.
Economic uses, etc. The most popular plant family with collectors of succulen plants, with numerous genera and species offered in dealers’ lists and represented in collections. Some edible fruits (prickly pear, India fig, tuna, arridari, pitaya).
Illustrations. • Le Maout and Decaisne: Opuntia, Cactus. • Le Maout and Decaisne: Habit and technical details of Rhipsalis, Epiphyllum, Pereskia. • Aporocactus flagelliformis: Bot. Mag. 17 (1786). • Ariocarpus retusus (as Mamillaria prismatica): Bot. Mag. 119 (1893). • Carnegiea gigantea (as Cereus): Bot. Mag. 118 (1892). • Cleistocactus baumannii, as Cereus tweediei: Bot. Mag. 76 (1850). • Copiapoa marginata (as Echinocactus streptocaulon): Bot. Mag. 77 (1851). • Cylindropuntia imbricata (as Opuntia): Bot. Mag. 135 (1909). • Disocactus biformis, as Phyllocactus: Bot. Mag. 101 (1875). • cf. Echinocereus leucanthus: as Cereus leucanthus, Bot. Reg. xxvi, 13 (1840). • Echinocereus viridiflorus (as Cereus): Bot. Mag. 125 (1899). • Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. mojavensis (as Cereus mojavensis): Bot. Mag. 126 (1900). • Echinopsis chamaecereus: L.W., photo. • Echinopsis chamaecereus (as Cereus silvestrii): Bot. Mag. 138 (1912). • Echinopsis eyriesii: as Echinocactus, Bot. Reg. 1707, 1835. • Escobaria vivipara (as Mammillaria): Bot. Mag. 126 (1900). • cf. Heleocereus speciosus: as Cereus speciosissimus, Bot. Reg. 49, 1842. • Lepismium houlletianum (as Rhipsalis houlletii): Bot. Mag. 100 (1874). • Malacocarpus ottonis: as Echinocactus, Bot. Reg. XXIV, 42 (1838). • Malacocarpus scopa: Bot. Reg. 1839, 24. • Mammillaria rhodantha (as M. pulchra): Bot. Reg. 1329, 1830. • Opuntia humifusa (as O. rafinesquii): Bot. Mag. 115 (1889). • Opuntia polyacantha: Bot. Mag. 115 (1889). • Opuntia vulgaris: as O. monacantha, Bot. Reg. 1726, 1835. • Pelecyphora aselliformis: Bot. Mag. 99 (1873). • Pereskia aculeata: Bot. Reg. 1928, 1837. • Pereskia aculeata: Bot. Mag. 116 (1890). • Pereskia grandifolia: as Pereskia bleo, Bot. Reg. 1473 (1831). • Pseudorhipsalis amazonica (as Wittia panamensis): Bot. Mag. 145 (1919). • Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri (as Epiphyllum): Bot. Mag.117 (1891). • Habit: Echinocactus, Rhipsalis.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, distributions of character states within any set of taxa, geographical distribution, genera included in each family, and classifications (Dahlgren; Dahlgren, Clifford, and Yeo; Cronquist; APG). See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 15th April 2024. delta-intkey.com’.
