Media Studies

The present thesis is a study of Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (SDH) with special focus on the Portuguese context. On the one hand, it accounts for a descriptive analysis of SDH in various European countries with the aim of arriving at the norms that govern present practices and that may be found in the form of guidelines and / or in actual subtitled products. On the other hand, it is the result of an Action Research project that aimed at contributing towards the improvement of SDH practices in Portugal. These two lines of research are brought together in the proposal of a set of guidelines -Sistema de Legendagem vKv -for the provision of SDH on Portuguese television. This research positions itself within the theoretical framework of Translation Studies (TS) by taking a descriptive approach to its subject. Nonetheless, it takes a step beyond to seek reasons and to propose change rather than to simply describe objects and actions. Given its topic and methodological approach, this research also drank from other fields of knowledge such as Deaf Studies, Sociology, Linguistics and Cinema Studies, among others. In this context, SDH is addressed as a service to Deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers, thus implying a functional approach to all that it entails. In order to arrive at an encompassing understanding of the subject, in the body of this work, we may find a summary of the history of SDH, as well as an overview of the overriding and specific issues that characterise this type of subtitling. Following this, the Portuguese situation is made known through the account of five case studies that were carried out in the course of 2002 and 2003. In response to the needs and requirements of Portuguese Deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers, the proposed set of guidelines is based on the special concern for adequacy and readability and is envisaged as a useful tool for students and practitioners of SDH. "A utopia está para cá do impossível." One can only believe that any dream is worth pursuing when it is shared with and by others. I am among those lucky few who have had the privilege to live what true collaborative research means. Time, knowledge and companionship were precious gifts that many offered me, placing these three years among the most fruitful of my life. All those who contributed towards this research are far more than can be named. My gratitude goes to all who made me believe that utopia is, in fact, there for the taking. -My PhD supervisors, Professor Jorge Díaz-Cintas and Professor Maria Teresa Roberto, for their knowledgeable advice, their patience and their kindness. They were the first to teach me the meaning of perseverance and excellence. I see them as models to be followed and friends to be cherished. -To my examiners, Professor Ian Mason and Professor Frederic Chaume, for their valuable comments and contributions that helped me to give this piece of work its final touches. -My research companions, Ana Maria Cravo and Maria José Veiga, for all the long hours working together, for reading this thesis through, and for all those special moments that were seasoned with tears and laughter. -My (ex-)students, Rita Menezes,

In the space of some twenty years, the rich and versatile Nigerian video film production widely known as Nollywood, inspired by the spectacle of ordinary everyday life, has come to be recognized as the country's flagship. Organized like a diptych, this vast survey and analysis of more than 300 video films from 1991 to 2013 presents them as both 'exposing home truths' in a language primarily adapted to insiders and 'reaching out' to the Nigerian diaspora and beyond in the hope of attracting worldwide audiences. The book reveals Nollywood as firmly rooted in the cultures of the federation and celebrating their past while testifying to the impact of imported faiths and the growing influence of globalization on the country. Offering new insight into recent trends, it highlights the eminently didactic character of this production rightly described as 'edutainment', its links with Nigerian literature and contemporary politics and its moral stance. Françoise Ugochukwu, Chevalier des Palmes académiques for her pioneering work in the field and longstanding contribution to the strengthening of cultural and educa-

Journalism schools play a critical role in ensuring that students are equipped to dance with the uncertainties around the future of the profession. v Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, especially Prof. Dr. Markus Behmer for encouraging and supporting this dissertation from beginning to end. I want to thank the German Academic Exchange Service for funding the fieldwork and to the Women's Office at University of Bamberg for supporting my research not just financially. I am grateful also to Prof. Dr. Christoph Schmidt for sparking my interest in comparative journalism studies, Dr. Roland Schürhoff and Dr. Rodion Ebbighausen for their time and constructive input. In addition, there is a long list of female colleagues I need to mention, who inspired me to stand tall throughout this project and at all times:

The increasingly transnational reach of East Asian media suggests that East Asia has become an ever more de-territorialized media zone. But what has been relatively neglected in the extant scholarship is in-depth consideration of how East Asian media culture has been transnationalised beyond the geographic boundaries of Asia, especially in the context of accelerating online content distribution. In this article, we propose that Australia provides a useful case study to illuminate the cultural impacts of East Asian media beyond Asia. What is Australia's place in trans-Asia media circuits? Does the consumption of East Asian media by audiences in Australia enable them to develop increasingly reflexive understandings of cultural identity, in a turn toward everyday cosmopolitanism? Alternatively, might the new kind of mediasphere we witness emerging in Australia entail new forms of cultural encapsulation, or a proliferation of mutually disconnected ethno-specific media sphericules? Analysing in-depth qualitative interviews with 47 users of East Asian media in Australia, this article investigates how such media engagements open up and/ or close down routes to reflexive transcultural practices for these media users; that is, it evaluates the potential of these media to cultivate cosmopolitan ethos in this context. We conclude that East Asian media in Australia may function for their users, paradoxically, as a cosmopolitan media niche within a national mediascape characterised more typically by cultural encapsulation.

Balaji Telefilms' ideological project on television is inverted by what its digital avatar, ALTBalaji, began to deliver on its streaming platform. The journey takes us through questions of censorship and data, two central concerns at the heart of the shifts underway in the Indian media industry..

Can a crowd of individuals who are motivated by a range of issues related to racial identity, class, gender, and sexuality mobilize around a shared issue, and, if so, how does this process work in practice? To date, limited research has explored intersectionality as a mobilization tool for social movements. This article expands recent work on how intersectional motivations influence the constituencies at protest events by comparing across some of the largest events that have taken place in Washington, DC since the resistance began. We explore the patterns of participants' motivations in marches over the first year of the Trump presidency. Our analyses demonstrate how individuals' motivations to participate represented an intersectional set of issues and how patterns of issues emerge. However, when we look across the marches, we find that the patterns are not durable, indicating the limitations of interpretations of the resistance as a unified intersectional movement.

Mobile journalism has been a mainstay in some news media outlets as audiences migrate to smaller screens for news. In response to the competitive media environment, organizations embrace mobile technology to expand the scope of their content. This article employs emerging perspectives as one of the organizational theory approaches. This study aims to determine the process behind news stories created by mobile journalists depending on their institution, the current circumstances, and technological advances. This study compares mobile journalists from two different news YouTube channels in Indonesia. Researchers collected data by observing news videos and interviewing news editors. The result showed that rules upheld by the media organizations would determine their productivity, the topic of news stories, and the quality of news sources. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the news creation process as they had to work remotely. In addition, it is worth noting that mobile journalists must shoot and edit videos and have a multimedia mindset. This study suggests that a newsroom must have stricter rules and guidelines as it will be the main factor in producing news videos on YouTube channels. Journalists should also be prepared to adopt digital technology to cope with unprecedented situations.

Di era digital, makna literasi media semakin luas. Dari awalnya terkait persoalan melek huruf dan melek media, mulai bergeser pada bagaimana perilaku seseorang menggunakan media, serta apa saja konten yang diunggah dan dikonsumsi. Di Indonesia, pengguna aktif media sosial tergolong tinggi. Namun tingginya aktivitas di media sosial ini tidak sejalan dengan tingkat literasi media masyarakatnya. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Tarumanagara dilakukan dalam bentuk pembekalan literasi media sosial dengan sasaran siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP). Kegiatan dilakukan di SMP Katolik Abdi Siswa II Jakarta Barat. Pembekalan dilakukan dengan memberikan pemahaman tentang penggunaan media sosial Instagram dan Youtube sebagai medium menyebarkan konten positif. Dari hasil observasi ditemukan bahwa setelah dilakukan pendampingan secara berkelompok, para siswa mampu membuat konten positif di Instagram. Dengan metode survei juga diketahui bahwa para siswa ...

This paper situates artificial intelligence as a vehicle that can allow human agents to engage with complex issues such as global warming. Drawing on Timothy Morton’s conceptualisation of global warming as a ‘hyperobject’ which, by its very nature, resist knowability on a human scale, I consider the extent to which AI, when it is itself approached as hyperobject-like, can become a useful medi- um for engaging critically with the issue of global warming. The argument, then, is not that AI can make global warming human-knowable, but that through AI, human agents can access the quasi-unknowability of global warming. I begin by surveying Morton’s theory of the hyperobject and its valence in critical discourse on contemporary/digital art, and then explore the positioning of AI as hyperob- ject-like. This discussion is bookended by analysis of a representative artwork, Tega Brain et al’s Asunder (2019), which, as I argue, addresses global warming issues by incorporating AI as a hyperobjec...

This paper situates artificial intelligence as a vehicle that can allow human agents to engage with complex issues such as global warming. Drawing on Timothy Morton's conceptualisation of global warming as a 'hyperobject' which, by its very nature, resist knowability on a human scale, I consider the extent to which AI, when it is itself approached as hyperobject-like, can become a useful medium for engaging critically with the issue of global warming. The argument, then, is not that AI can make global warming human-knowable, but that through AI, human agents can access the quasi-unknowability of global warming. I begin by surveying Morton's theory of the hyperobject and its valence in critical discourse on contemporary/digital art, and then explore the positioning of AI as hyperobject-like. This discussion is bookended by analysis of a representative artwork, Tega Brain et al's Asunder (2019), which, as I argue, addresses global warming issues by incorporating AI as a hyperobject-like technology.

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THE OUTBREAK of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 was generally seen as an apolitical phenomenon, but the strain it placed on crossstrait relations had important political ramifications. Facing poor economic conditions and a growing opposition, Taiwan's President Chen Shui-bian successfully used the outbreak to direct political debate in Taiwan away from domestic issues and towards cross-strait relations. Analysis of news coverage and polling data demonstrates that the change of focus of political debate in Taiwan towards these areas where Chen was seen as stronger than his opposition, was gradually translated into increased support for Chen's reelection. This analysis also shows how the democratisation of Taiwan and the rise of a Taiwanese identity have complicated cross-strait relations, by creating potential electoral incentives to candidates who take a stronger stance against the Chinese mainland.

Film Iran karya Sutradara Majid Majidi memiliki kode umum dan kode khusus yang diolah sedemikian rupa oleh sutradara melalui proses pengambilan gambar dan editing. Kode umum dan kode khusus dalam film berhubungan dengan gerakan kamera : traveling (gerak kamera mengikuti gerak objek), panning (gerak kamera ke kiri/kanan), zoom in/zoom out ( kamera semakin mendekati/menjauhi objek),dll. Kode umum pasti ada di semua film, sebagai sebuah "kumpulan cara kamera mengambil gambar", sedangkan kode khusus hanya terdapat pada film tertentu sebagai ciri khas suatu genre, suatu kurun, suatu aliran,/suatu bangsa. Selain itu, film juga memuat kode yang sering digunakan dalam fotografi (long shot, medium shot, close up shot, Extreme Close Up, dll), serta kode analogi visual. Dalam 3 film tersebut ("Children of Heaven", "Color of Paradise", dan "Baran" ), Majid Majidi terutama mengaplikasikan Kode Khusus yakni berupa Metafora dan Metonimi yang berkesesuaian dengan agama dan budaya Iran yang puitis dan sufistik.

This report presents the results of the implementation of the Media Pluralism Monitor in Greece for the year 2024 (MPM2025). The MPM is a holistic tool aimed at assessing the risk to media pluralism in the EU member states and candidate countries. It considers legal, political, and economic variables relevant for analyzing the levels of media pluralism in a democratic society. The Media Pluralism Monitor has been implemented annually by the Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom since 2013/2014.

2017 marked the 70th anniversary of the end of colonial rule in British India and of the division of the country into the two independent states of India and Pakistan. To commemorate the event, in August 2017, the BBC broadcast a series of programmes focused specifically on Partition. Focusing on My Family, Partition and Me: India 1947, this article analyses the programme's structure and rhetorical strategies, with particular reference to its representation of the empire and of contemporary postcolonial Britain. We argue that the show, by merging personal and national histories, successfully promotes an inclusive perspective on Britishness, in line with the BBC's inclusivity remit, which also emphasises the multicultural character of Britain as a result of its colonial history. The emphasis on individualised account of suffering and resilience, however, leaves Partition circumscribed within the 'temporary madness' narrative, thus limiting the show's engagement with the politics of colonialism and decolonisation.

En los últimos tiempos, la inteligencia artificial se está convirtiendo en un catalizador para la dopamina que alimenta las batallas culturales, desarrollando una esfera pública donde no importa tanto que sea mentira lo que se comparte, sino su capacidad para alimentar relatos e imaginarios. Más que una batalla ideológica, está en juego el desafío de diferenciar estructuralmente entre los hechos y las narrativas alternativas a los hechos.

Subjectivity is increasingly intertwined with technological apparatuses that influence processes of subjectification and change the possibilities of action available to the subject. Based on a performative understanding of biomedical image-making, we suggest that subjectivity emerges and acts as part of morethan-human collaborations. Consequently, we argue that subjectivity must be reframed as more-than-human subjectivity. In this paper, we offer such a reframing based on notions of distribution and composition, addressing both processes of subjectivation in collaboration with image-making techniques and subjectivity itself as emerging and enacted in more-than-human collaborations. We conclude on a tentative suggestion, how such a reconceptualized subjectivity is useful for the orientation within the contemporary and future technosphere.

Transgender (trans) women experience gender-based violence (GBV) throughout their lives, which impedes their access to services and contributes to poor health outcomes and quality of life. To inform policies and health programs, trans women worked with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)-and President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)-supported LINKAGES project, the United Nations Development Programme, The University of the West Indies, and local organizations to document experiences of GBV and transphobia in healthcare, education, and police encounters. Trans women conducted 74 structured interviews with other trans women in El Salvador, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, and Haiti in 2016. We conducted qualitative applied thematic analysis to understand the nature and consequences of GBV and transphobia and descriptive quantitative analysis to identify the proportion who experienced GBV in each context. A high proportion experienced GBV in education (85.1%), healthcare (82.9%), from police (80.0%), and other state institutions (66.1%). Emotional abuse was the most common in all contexts and included gossiping, insults, and refusal to use their chosen name. Participants also experienced economic, physical, and sexual violence, and other human rights violations based on their gender identity and expression. At school, participants were physically threatened and assaulted, harassed in bathrooms, and denied education. In healthcare, participants were given lower priority and received substandard care. Healthcare workers and police blamed participants for their health and legal problems, and denied them services. From police, participants also experienced physical and sexual assault, theft, extortion for sex or money, and arbitrary arrest and detention. Participants had difficulty obtaining identification documents that matched their gender identity, sometimes being forced to alter their appearance or being denied an identification card. Service providers not only failed to meet the specific needs of trans women but also discriminated against them when they sought services, exacerbating their economic, health, and social vulnerability. Although international and regional resolutions call for the legal protection of transgender people, states do not meet these obligations. To respect, promote, and fulfill trans women's human rights, governments should enact

Scholars have argued the transition from a broadcast environment to a cable and internet landscape has significantly altered our political sphere. While some scholars have argued expanded media choice has brought about fragmentation and increasing partisan news consumption, other scholars have focused on the potential for more media options to encourage individuals to opt out of consuming public affairs programming in favor of entertainment-based content, thus leading to political knowledge declines for those transitioning away from news. The following study applies both theoretical approaches to the 2016 US Presidential campaign. A media environment whereby individuals may be leaving news in favor of entertainment content encourages non-traditional candidates with the ability to exploit celebrity status (i.e., Donald Trump) in courting more politically disinterested, entertainmentcentric voters. At the same time, the divisive campaign style of Trump coupled with his disdain for news media may encourage more fervent partisan news consumption. Analyses of 2016 ANES data reveal, consistent with expectations, significantly different news and entertainment preferences among supporters of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump . While supporters of both candidates engage in partisan news viewing, the entertainment preferences of Trump supporters are shown to be associated with decreased public affairs knowledge and political attentiveness. Study results and implications are discussed.

Scholars have argued the transition from a broadcast environment to a cable and internet landscape has significantly altered our political sphere. While some scholars have argued expanded media choice has brought about fragmentation and increasing partisan news consumption, other scholars have focused on the potential for more media options to encourage individuals to opt out of consuming public affairs programming in favor of entertainment-based content, thus leading to political knowledge declines for those transitioning away from news. The following study applies both theoretical approaches to the 2016 US Presidential campaign. A media environment whereby individuals may be leaving news in favor of entertainment content encourages non-traditional candidates with the ability to exploit celebrity status (i.e., Donald Trump) in courting more politically disinterested, entertainmentcentric voters. At the same time, the divisive campaign style of Trump coupled with his disdain for news media may encourage more fervent partisan news consumption. Analyses of 2016 ANES data reveal, consistent with expectations, significantly different news and entertainment preferences among supporters of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump . While supporters of both candidates engage in partisan news viewing, the entertainment preferences of Trump supporters are shown to be associated with decreased public affairs knowledge and political attentiveness. Study results and implications are discussed.

This article describes the value of having youth produce digital media-videos, social media, digital images/art, digital stories, and online writing to address the climate crisis. While students are engaged with and producing media on their own, teachers and project coordinators can support students by drawing on examples noted in this article to provide students with technical support and examples for producing different types of digital media. digital media, ecomedia, social media, climate activism, youth climate activism Youth are highly concerned about the need to address the climate crisis. In one survey, 59% of youth worldwide note that they are extremely or very worried, and 84% are moderately worried about climate change impacts (Hickman et al., 2021). Given these concerns, 45% experience anxiety related to how climate change is impacting their lives. To share their concerns about climate change impacts, youth are turning to digital media: their default platform to communicate with others. 13-to 18-year-olds engage in about an average of eight-and-a-half hours of screen media daily, with YouTube, Snapchat, and TikTok being the most popular platforms (Common Sense Media, 2022). 56% of American youth are frequently referencing climate change topics online and 45% are posting messages about climate change through use of media (Tyson, 2021). For example, Greta Thunberg's Instagram post about the School Strike for Climate in 2018 lead to worldwide youth participation on the Fridays for Future strikes platform fridaysforfuture.org (Hawley, 2022). Other youth employ YouTube, TikTok, Instagram, and Twitter to communicate the need for collective action (Sorce & Dumitrica, 2021). Youth employ a range of types of digital media-videos, blogs, podcasts, digital art/music, or online writing-to portray climate change impacts and connect with local/global audiences Coalition, Climate Change Education, Youth4Climate, Young Voices for the Planet, Our Climate Our Futures, Connect4Climate, and the Climate Reality Project • having students employ digital visualization tools for acquiring data or images about climate change impacts in certain regions or communities using tools, such as Climate Interactive, Community Viz, National Climate Assessment, Visualizing Change Toolkit, or Visualizing Change.

Social media platforms provide opportunities for users across the world to connect and communicate between them and engage into acts of social support and entertainment. Yet it can also bring negative consequences as it has been associated with poor mental health and life dissatisfaction. This underlines the importance of delivering social media literacy (SML) interventions that raise awareness of the dangers and threats that are hidden within. To this date, SML initiatives have shown their benefits towards the acquisition of SML skills through the forms of school interventions and mini-games. However, studies on promoting SML through social media platforms need to be also encouraged and innovative approaches to provide interactive scenarios with handson experiences need to be formulated. Hence, the project COURAGE introduces a new approach towards SML by proposing the integration of educational opportunities within a controlled social media platform. To provide students the opportunity to learn whilst they naturally explore social media we propose the integration of virtual learning companions. In this paper we report seven empirical approaches towards SML skills acquisition powered by virtual learning companions. The paper concludes with a discussion towards the benefits and limitations of using this type of SML interventions.

This paper explores how government policy and research understanding of the importance of CBOs has translated to local level disaster management practice. The paper presents findings of a review of all Local Government Disaster Management plans in Queensland, Australia. We explore factors affecting the role of CBOs including median local government area income, disaster experience, local government area population size and the number of CBOs in a given area. We find that the population of a Local Government Area and the number of CBOs within that local government area exert a far greater effect on determining the role of CBOs in that local government area than either income or number of disaster events. Our findings suggests that postdisaster learning and adaptation is not occurring at the local level. We discuss this failing in policy implementation and the implications for government to build community disaster resilience.

This paper reviews the practice and research trends in disaster resilience and disaster risk reduction literature since 2012. It applies the rapid appraisal methodology to explore developments in the field and to identify key themes in research and practice. In particular, the paper examines how the emerging themes of disaster risk reduction from the Sendai Framework are being integrated into health risk management and disaster governance paradigms. The research findings identify three important emerging themes: socialization of responsibility for resilience; ongoing interest in risk management with an emphasis on public private partnerships as enabling mechanisms; and a nuanced exploration of the concept of adaptive resilience.

We are tribeless and all tribes are ours. We are homeless and all homes are ours. We are nameless and all names are ours. Emmanuel Lacaba In 1808, Charles Fourier wrote that "the most icy climates in the world, such as those on a line from St. Petersburg to Okhotsk, will enjoy temperatures such as can as yet only be found in the most renowned resorts, like Florence, Nice, Montpellier and Lisbon, blessed as they are with gentle and unruffled skies" (Fourier 1996, p. 48). This statement might be the earliest indication of a climate change issue that has become our reality. Furthermore, the French utopian communist correctly pointed out that such global warming would occur in combination with the "universal A. T.-G. Lee (B)

Solutions journalism is one of the newest alternative journalism strategies aimed at combating news fatigue through rigorous reporting on solutions to society’s problems. One of the primary goals for the movement is increased source diversity that features more non-official and citizen voices, like those often used in other forms of alternative media. This study examined the types of sources journalists included in 555 text-based solutions journalism articles from the U.S., Europe, and Africa collected from the Solutions Journalism Network. The results indicate solutions stories are meeting the goals set forth by proponents of the movement, as they most frequently include nonprofits/groups and unaffiliated citizens. Solutions stories in American publications contained significantly more non-official sources
than did their European and African counterparts, though these sources still comprised the majority of those used across all three continents. However, solutions stories included in the study contained fewer total sources than traditional news articles and still featured government and business sources regularly. This finding suggests solutions journalism practitioners may still have work to do to increase their use and variety of sources.

Most companies involved in e-commerce use trust-promoting messages to persuade consumers that the websites they visit are safe. Although these messages are common, many consumers still hesitate to use a credit card online. To understand why, we applied social judgment theory and Cialdini's model of persuasion in an experiment exploring the extent to which trust-promoting messages can be used to change consumers' attitudes toward online credit card use. By manipulating message proximity and message source, we found that authority-plus-contrast-plus-scarcity was the most persuasive combination, and there was no significant difference between international and domestic trustmarks. Consumers with positive credit card attitudes were included as a control condition. The results show that the authority-plus-contrastplus-scarcity combination was essential for consumers holding the same positive attitude, because there was no significant attitude change in this condition. Our findings help shopping websites analyze their existing trust-promoting messages and improve them by adding persuasive elements.

This paper explores the under-researched phenomenon of queer migration in Croatia, Lithuania, and Poland-three post-communist, Catholic-majority countries. Drawing on existing studies in the literature and empirical data, it examines how prevailing social conservatism-shaped by the influence of Catholicism and the distinct developmental trajectories of these countries-is reflected in research on queer migration. Although limited, the current body of knowledge confirms that concerns over LGBTQIA+ rights are a factor motivating emigration. The three examples illustrate how queer migration must be analyzed within the complex interplay between Europeanization and liberalization, and the backlash against these processes. This backlash, prominently supported by the Catholic Church, includes resistance to gender equality and LGBTQIA+ rights. By critically engaging with existing research, the paper underscores the need for future studies-particularly those investigating the gap between legal protections and prevailing social attitudes toward LGBTQIA+ individuals, the relationship between human rights backlashes and queer migration, the intersections between spatial context and personal biographies, and the connection between the queer migration and recent immigration waves in these countries.

Anche in Italia, l’enfasi usata per trattare casi - reali o presunti - di infezione da HIV e di conseguente manifestazione della malattia AIDS ha contribuito alla creazione di un milieu linguistico all’interno del quale la dignità delle persone interessate è spesso stata calpestata, e gli stereotipi sono diventati la colonna portante della narrazione mainstream.
I presente contributo si occupa di indagare differenti strategie linguistiche usate per riferirsi alle persone con HIV/AIDS nella stampa quotidiana italiana degli anni Ottanta e Novanta, con un focus sulle principali testate generaliste.
Prima di tutto, questo lavoro fornisce una panoramica sul lessico usato in questi articoli (cfr. Domenicale 2023), con una particolare enfasi sulla discriminazione linguistica a danno di persone tossicodipendenti o gay (cfr. Balestracci, Guidali & Landoni 2022). Vengono inoltre esplorate le strategie linguistiche in uso all’interno di spot e campagne di comunicazione istituzionale volte ad arginare il contagio e a prevenire il diffondersi della malattia (Gabardi 2017). Tali campagne, infatti, venivano puntualmente riprese dai giornali, che rappresentavano per esse una potente cassa di risonanza. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è stato quello di monitorare il delicato equilibrio che si crea tra l’urgenza di fornire un’informazione asettica, tipica della stampa quotidiana, e l’atteggiamento paternalistico spesso rivolto all’indirizzo delle persone contagiate.
Accanto allo studio del lessico, il contributo si propone di osservare anche la presenza di alcune strutture testuali implicite utilizzate nella stampa contemporanea per rinforzare la discriminazione e diffondere stereotipi sulle persone malate. Anche nel caso dei giornali analizzati, gli impliciti linguistici creano un terreno fertile per la proliferazione di frame stereotipanti relativi alle persone contagiate: dato che il significato discriminatorio veicolato dagli impliciti è solitamente affidato a elementi linguistici apparentemente neutri - quali, ad esempio, le anafore pragmatiche (cfr. Palermo 2020) -, i pregiudizi e gli stereotipi trasmessi non vengono avvertiti come contenuti potenzialmente denigranti e, per questo motivo, tendono ad essere accettati più facilmente dai riceventi (Lombardi Vallauri 2019).
Lo scopo di questa seconda sezione del contributo è quindi quello di valutare quali strumenti linguistici di natura indiretta intervengono nella creazione di un immaginario fortemente ostile nei confronti della comunità omosessuale, amplificando la distanza (sociale, linguistica, e così via) tra maggioranza e gruppo target e normalizzando i fenomeni d’odio indirizzati contro le persone colpite dall’epidemia HIV/AIDS.

Shortlyb efore Istanbul'sm ayoral electionsi nM arch 2019,E krem İmamoğlu, the candidate of the oppositional secularistR epublican People'sP arty (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi,CHP), publiclyrecited the Quranic YāsīnSurah in Istanbul'sEyüpsultan Mosque, which manyr egard as the most sacred Islamic placei nT urkey.The media have routinelyc overed the frequent prayers there by Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of the ruling Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi,AKP), but İmamoğlu'svisit sparked controversies across the political factions. On Twitter,journalistOrhan Gökdemir declared the death of secularism,¹ while others accused the CHPc andidate of pre-election hypocrisy.²

This content analysis examines Mississippi and national newspaper coverage of House Bill 1523, which was considered harmful to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities in the state. The purpose of this study is to explore how the press, the public, and politicians discussed controversial issues related to LGBT rights and religious freedom legislation. Additionally, it examines how they interjected race into a discussion about the LGBT community. Results show conflict as a dominant news frame, anger as the dominant emotional appeal, and negativity as the primary tone. It also shows that Black elected officials cited as sources primarily discussed economics rather than race or equal rights.

A popular government without popular information, or the means of acquiring it, is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both. —James Madison Since the rise of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies in Birmingham England in the 1960s as well as in subsequent versions of cultural studies throughout the world, there has been a long-standing tradition of taking on the big issues of the era. The Birmingham School took on the assaults against working class culture by American and mass media culture. In this conjuncture, British cultural studies stressed the need for media literacy and critique, learning to read newspapers, TV news, advertisements, TV shows and the like just as one learns to read books (see Kellner, 1995). The project helped generate a media literacy movement, expanded the concept of literacy, and introduced a new, powerful dimension of pedagogy into cultural studies. Later, in the 1980s, British cultural studies took on the rise of Thatcherism and the ...

The September 11, 2001 terror attacks on the World Trade Center Twin Towers in New York and on the Pentagon near Washington, D.C. were perhaps the most dramatic media spectacle in history. The 9/11 spectacle of terror was a global media event. Attacking the heart of U.S. symbolic power in the World Trade Center in the New York financial district and the symbol of U.S. military power the Pentagon, the terror spectacle took over live global media for days to come, becoming an emblematic event in media history, whereby McLuhan's "global village" became a site of horror, death, and destruction. The attacks

forms of oppression. Then, I take up the literature on the media and democracy, setting out the position that corporate ownership and the political economy of the media constitute a social problem in which corporate media undermine democracy. I explore this latter issue with a study of the media in the United States over the past two decades and how corporate media have failed to address crucial social problems and have themselves become a social problem. Finally, I discuss how the Internet and new media can provide alternatives to the corporate media and provide some hope that more democratic media and societies can be produced that will address social problems being ignored and intensified in the current era of corporate and conservative hegemony. During the 1930s, the Frankfurt school coined the term "culture industry" to signify the process of the industrialization of mass-produced culture and the commercial imperatives that drove the system. The critical theorists analyzed all mass-mediated cultural artifacts within the context of industrial production, in which the commodities of the culture industries exhibited the same features as other products of mass production: commodification, standardization, and massification. The culture industries had the specific function, however, of providing ideological legitimation of the existing capitalist societies and of integrating individuals into its way of life (see Horkheimer and Adorno, 1972 and Kellner, 1989). In their theories of the culture industries and critiques of mass culture, the Frankfurt School were among the first social theorists perceiving the importance of the media in the reproduction of contemporary societies. In their view, the media stand in the center of leisure activity, are important agents of socialization, mediators of political reality, and should thus be seen as major institutions of contemporary societies with a variety of economic, political, cultural and social effects.

We argue that the continued growth of the Internet, both as a form of mainstream media and as a tool for organizing democratic social interactions, requires that Internet politics be retheorized from a standpoint that is both critical and reconstructive. While we undertake an approach that is critical of corporate forms and hegemonic uses of the Internet, we advocate for new software developments such as blogs and trace the oppositional deployments of the Internet made by a wide variety of groups in the cause of progressive cultural and political struggle. In this regard, we describe how the Internet has facilitated the worldwide emergence of the anti-globalization, anti-war and anti-capitalism movements, even as it has coalesced local communities and groups, and so we conclude that the future of Internet politics must be thought dialectically as both global and local. We end by noting the relevance of the ideas of Guy Debord, with his focus on the construction of situations, the us...

The September 11 attacks on the US dramatized the relationship between media spectacles of terror and the strategy of Islamic Jihadism that employs violent media events to promote its agenda. But US administrations have also used spectacles of terror to promote US military power and geopolitical ends, as is evident in the Gulf war of 1990 -1991, the Afghanistan war of fall 2001, and the Iraq war of 2003. In this paper I argue that both Islamic Jihadists and two Bush administrations have deployed spectacles of terror to promote their political agendas; that both deploy Manichean discourses of good and evil which themselves fit into dominant media codes of popular culture; and that both deploy fundamentalist and absolutist discourses. Criticizing the role of the US broadcasting media in presenting the September 11 terror spectacle and subsequent Bush Terror War, I argue against both Islamic terrorism and US militarism, and call for multilateral and global responses to terrorism and rogue regimes. I also argue that the Internet is the best source of information concerning complex events like Terror War, while mainstream US corporate media, especially broadcasting, have become instruments of propaganda for the Bush administration and Pentagon during spectacles of terrorism and war. Finally, I suggest limitations to the politics of the spectacle and argue that the record of the spectacles of Terror War in recent years discloses highly ambiguous, unpredictable, and negative political effects.

This chapter explores the theoretical underpinnings of critical media literacy and analyzes four different approaches to teaching it. Combining cultural studies with critical pedagogy, Douglas Kellner and Jeff Share argue that critical media literacy aims to ...