Functional Classification

The objective of this study was to identify statutory changes in throwing sports occurred in 2014 and how they interfere with the Brazilian athletes' performance. The research is characterized as descriptive, documentary and quantitative. Rules were consulted in the archives from the International Paralympic Committee and the Brazilian Paralympic Committee as well as 177 results from competitions between 2013 and 2014. Student's t-test (paired) was used during statistical analysis with a 5% significance level. Results show a significant difference in throwing competitors' performance following the statutory changes. The functional classification F58 and F57 revealed a decrease in performance in 2014. Athletes with higher functional capabilities had worse performance compared to the results of those who are less functionally capable. The results of this investigation show that the changes in rules had direct consequences in results during the years analyzed, thus suggesting athletes have yet to assimilate and adapt to them.

Topic 1: Contingency management Contingency management (CM) is a behavioral treatment approach used in clinical psychology that focuses on reinforcing desired behaviors. The basic principle of CM is that specific behaviors are followed by specific consequences, such as rewards or punishments that increase or decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. This approach is commonly used to treat substance abuse and other forms of addiction, as well as a wide range of other psychological disorders, such as ADHD, schizophrenia, and depression. It can be used in individual or group therapy settings, and can be delivered in various forms such as token economy, point system or vouchers system.

Ecosystem engineers have been widely studied for terrestrial systems, but global trends in research encompassing the range of taxa and functions have not previously been synthesised. We reviewed contemporary understanding of engineer fauna in terrestrial habitats and assessed the methods used to document patterns and processes, asking: (a) which species act as ecosystem engineers and with whom do they interact? (b) What are the impacts of ecosystem engineers in terrestrial habitats and how are they distributed? (c) What are the primary methods used to examine engineer effects and how have these developed over time? We considered the strengths, weaknesses and gaps in knowledge related to each of these questions and suggested a conceptual framework to delineate “significant impacts” of engineering interactions for all terrestrial animals. We collected peer‐reviewed publications examining ecosystem engineer impacts and created a database of engineer species to assess experimental appro...

Soil invertebrates (i.e., soil fauna) are important drivers of many key processes in soils including soil aggregate formation, water retention, and soil organic matter transformation. Many soil fauna groups directly or indirectly participate in litter consumption. However, the quantity of litter consumed by major faunal groups across biomes remains unknown. To estimate this quantity, we reviewed > 1000 observations from 70 studies that determined the biomass of soil fauna across various biomes and 200 observations from 44 studies on litter consumption by soil fauna. To compare litter consumption with annual litterfall, we analyzed 692 observations from 24 litterfall studies and 183 observations from 28 litter stock studies. The biomass of faunal groups was highest in temperate grasslands and then decreased in the following order: boreal forest > temperate forest > tropical grassland > tundra > tropical forest > Mediterranean ecosystems > desert and semidesert. T...

Soil biota (the living organisms in soil) plays an important role in soil development and soil formation. They are the most important component of soil organic matter decomposition and behave efficiently in the development and formation of soil structure and soil aggregate. Their biodiversity provides many functional services to soil and soil components. They help in dissolving verities of plant and animal materials, which could left as decayed organic matter at the surface soil. Understanding the vital role of soil organisms would undoubtedly helps to increase food production and reduces poverty, hunger and malnutrition. Soil biota and biodiversity research in sub-Saharan Africa would play an important role in sustaining food security, environmental health, water quality and forest regeneration. This paper, briefly highlighted some of the biological functions of soil biota and suggests that proper understandings of biota and their biodiversity in soil environment would provide ways to get better understanding of soil health, soil function, soil quality and soil fertility under sustainable soil management activities in agricultural production.

49 Soil organic matter (SOM) is key to maintaining soil fertility, mitigating climate change, 50 combatting land degradation, and conserving aboveand below-ground biodiversity and 51 associated soil processes and ecosystem services. In order to derive management options for 52 maintaining these essential services provided by soils, policy makers depend on robust, predictive 53 models identifying key drivers of SOM dynamics. Existing SOM models and suggested 54 guidelines for future SOM modelling are defined mostly in terms of plant residue quality and 55 input and microbial decomposition, overlooking the significant regulation provided by soil fauna. 56 The contribution of soil fauna activities to SOM decomposition can be as high as 40%, as they 57 control almost any aspect of organic matter turnover, foremost by regulating the activity and 58 functional composition of soil microorganisms and their physico-chemical connectivity with soil 59 organic matter. We suggest that inclusion ...

Arterial streets have traditionally formed the focus for a variety of urban roles Arterial streets often have problems reconciling through traffic flow with other urban activities 'Streets are for people' Scope Arterial streets are here taken to mean major streets that are multi-functional-combining a strategic network role with space for other activities, such as crossing movements, shopping, socialising, and other urban activities. This report considers the physical design of street space and carriageway layout, regulation in terms of allowance for different kinds of vehicle movements and parking and loading, and wider street management issues including objective setting, classification of streets and performance assessment. The process of design and management is devised to be compatible with a comprehensive programme of public participation. This approach has been devised to fit a sustainability oriented policy context. In this report, this sustainability aspect is expressed through a peopleoriented approach in which social, economic and environmental considerations ultimately serve to promote people's quality of life. Arterial streets Design and management towards sustainability.

The objective of this study was to identify statutory changes in throwing sports occurred in 2014 and how they interfere with the Brazilian athletes' performance. The research is characterized as descriptive, documentary and quantitative. Rules were consulted in the archives from the International Paralympic Committee and the Brazilian Paralympic Committee as well as 177 results from competitions between 2013 and 2014. Student's t-test (paired) was used during statistical analysis with a 5% significance level. Results show a significant difference in throwing competitors' performance following the statutory changes. The functional classification F58 and F57 revealed a decrease in performance in 2014. Athletes with higher functional capabilities had worse performance compared to the results of those who are less functionally capable. The results of this investigation show that the changes in rules had direct consequences in results during the years analyzed, thus suggesting athletes have yet to assimilate and adapt to them.

One of the most evident achievements of bioinformatics is the development of methods that transfer biological knowledge from characterised proteins to uncharacterised sequences. This mode of protein function assignment is mostly based on the detection of sequence similarity and the premise that functional properties are conserved during evolution. Most automatic approaches developed to date rely on the identification of clusters of homologous proteins and the mapping of new proteins onto these clusters, which are expected to share functional characteristics. Here, we inverse the logic of this process, by considering the mapping of sequences directly to a functional classification instead of mapping functions to a sequence clustering. In this mode, the starting point is a database of labelled proteins according to a functional classification scheme, and the subsequent use of sequence similarity allows defining the membership of new proteins to these functional classes. In this framew...

Phylogenetically closely related plant species often share similar trait states (phylogenetic signal), but local assembly may favor dissimilar relatives and thereby decouple the diversity of a trait from the diversity of phylogenetic lineages. Associated fauna might either benefit from plant trait diversity, because it provides them complementary resources, or suffer from it due to dilution of preferred resources. We hence hypothesize that decoupling of trait and phylogenetic diversity weakens the relationship between the plant-trait diversity and the abundance and diversity of associated fauna. Studying permanent meadows, we tested for combined effects of plant phylogenetic diversity and diversity of two functional traits (specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content) on major groups of soil fauna (earthworms, mites, springtails, nematodes). We found that only in phylogenetically uniform plant communities, was uniformity in the functional traits associated with (i) high abundance in springtails, and (ii) high abundance of the subgroup that feeds more directly on plant material (in springtails and mites) or those that are more prone to disturbance (in nematodes), and (iii) high diversity in all three groups tested (springtails, earthworms, nematodes). Our results suggest that soil fauna profits from the resource concentration in local plant communities that are uniform in both functional traits and phylogenetic lineages. Soil fauna would hence benefit from co-occurrence of closely related plants that have conserved the same trait values, rather than of distantly related plants that have converged in traits. This might result in faster decomposition and a positive feedback between trait conservatism and ecosystem functioning.

Indonesia is a country with the third largest biodiversity after Brazil and Madagascar. Of the about 325.530 species of flora and fauna globally, an estimated 25% of the world's species are found in Indonesia. Macrofauna, a land animal that plays a role in influencing the soil ecosystem has specific environmental requirements that enables it to be used as biological indicators of ecosystem conditions, mainly rice paddy ecosystem. This research is necessary owing to the demand for an easy and accurate indicator in predicting soil fertility for farmers. In addition, this study conducted in July TO August 2018 can be used as an inventory of macrofauna indigenous species that may still remain in the paddy field, Dukuhseti district. The implementation of observations was done in paddy fields in the Dukuhseti district in Pati regency, Central Java. Macro fauna specimens and soil samples were taken at various points. 121 individual macro faunas were found and divided into three phyla and 10 Order. The results showed that macro fauna diversity was not always positively correlated with soil chemical properties. Total N, available P, organic C and pH is not directly proportional to the increasingly diverse types of macro fauna in a rice field. The soil's chemical nature in the form of base saturation has a positive correlation with macro fauna diversity that makes it serve as an indicator of fertility. Base saturation in the fields can be associated with the presence of different kinds of macrofauna decomposers such as earthworms, millipedes and denitrivor. Indigenous macrofauna species was not found in the paddy fields in the Dukuhseti district due to intensive land management.

Changes in zooplankton community structure and function were analyzed in 24 lakes covering a wide salinity gradient (from 0.5 to 115 g l-1) in a semiarid region in northwest China. We hypothesized that species richness (S), species diversity (H), functional diversity (FD), biomass, and size of zooplankton would decrease with increasing salinity. We found that S, H, and FD did decrease with increasing salinity, whereas zooplankton sizes, size range, and biomasses did not. In fact, the sizes of microcrustaceans were mainly regulated by the abundance of small fish. Besides the impoverishment of FD, the zooplankton functional groups also varied along the salinity gradient. A shift occurred from selective raptorial to more generalist microphagous rotifers, from selective to more generalist filter feeder cladocerans, and from dominance of microphagous herbivorous copepods to microphagous carnivores. Our study indicates that the ongoing salinization of lakes with climate warming will result in important changes in the zooplankton, affecting not only the structure but also the functioning of this community. A weakened top-down control by zooplankton on phytoplankton at moderate high salinities may be an indirect consequence, leading to a worsening of eutrophication symptoms. Loss of fish at high salinities may, however, counteract this effect.

The main aim of this investigation was to verify the relationship of the variables measured during a 3-minute all-out test with aerobic (i.e., peak oxygen uptake [V _ O 2 peak] and intensity corresponding to the lactate minimum [LMI]) and anaerobic parameters (i.e., anaerobic work) measured during a 400-m maximal performance. To measure force continually and to avoid the possible influences caused by turns, the 3-minute all-out effort was performed in tethered swimming. Thirty swimmers performed the following tests: (a) a 3-minute all-out tethered swimming test to determine the final force (equivalent to critical force: CF 3-MIN) and the work performed above CF 3-MIN (W 0 3-MIN), (b) a LMI protocol to determine the LMI during front crawl swimming, and (c) a 400-m maximal test to determine the V _ O 2 peak and total anaerobic contribution (W ANA). Correlations between the variables were tested using the Pearson's correlation test (p # 0.05). CF 3-MIN (73.9 6 13.2 N) presented a high correlation with the LMI (1.33 6 0.08 m$s 21 ; p = 0.01) and V _ O 2 peak (4.5 6 1.2 L$min 21 ; p = 0.01). However, the W 0 3-MIN (1,943.2 6 719.2 N$s) was only moderately correlated with LMI (p = 0.02) and V _ O 2 peak (p = 0.01). In summary, CF 3-MIN determined during the 3-minute all-out effort is associated with oxidative metabolism and can be used to estimate the aerobic capacity of swimmers. In contrast, the anaerobic component of this model (W 0 3-MIN) is not correlated with W ANA .

organic matter (Eaton, Barbercheck, Buford, & Smith, 2004). While ants have an important role as material flow in soils (Wagner, Jones, & Gordon, 2004) and contribute to improving soil aggregation and aeration (Lafleur, Hooper-Bùi, Mumma, & Geaghan, 2005). However, soil management practices in agroecosystem altered the densities of collembolan (Coulibaly et al., 2017), mites (Bedano, Cantú, & Doucet, 2006) and ants (Sanabria, Lavelle, & Fonte, 2014). Therefore, understanding the importance of arthropod diversity and their role in agroecosystem is important to achieve sustainable agriculture. Research about arthropod diversity and their interaction in the topsoil of soybean field are still less reported. The previous research in the soybean field was conducted for other organisms such as microbial community (Vargas Gil et al., 2011), earthworm (Abail & Whalen, 2018) and nematode (Neher, Nishanthan, Grabau, & Chen, 2019). This research would gain basic information about arthropod diversity in the topsoil of soybean field. Diversity of arthropods was mainly influenced

Collembola have been proposed for several decades as a good model organisms to survey soil biodiversity; but most of the studies focused on taxonomic endpoints. The main objectives of this study are to compare the effects of the different land uses, including urban and industrial land uses, while using both collembolan functional and taxonomic biodiversity approaches. We collected data on 3,056 samples of Collembola communities across 758 sites in various land uses throughout France. The types of land use considered included all types of human activity from forestry to urban, industrial, traffic, mining and military areas, agricultural grassland, arable land, vineyards and urban vegetable gardens. In order to study functional and taxonomic biodiversity, we used community-weighted means, functional indices, species richness and density. When looking at collembolan functional diversity, urban and industrial soils appear clearly less diversified than when considering the taxonomic dive...

This book argues that Sellars’ theory of intentionality can be understood as an advancement of a transcendental philosophical approach. It shows how Sellars develops his theory of intentionality through his engagement with the theoretical philosophy of Immanuel Kant.

The book delivers a provocative reinterpretation of one of the most problematic and controversial concepts of Sellars' philosophy: the picturing-relation. Sellars' theory of intentionality addresses the question of how to reconcile two aspects that seem opposed: the non-relational theory of intellectual and linguistic content and a causal-transcendental theory of representation inspired by the philosophy of the early Wittgenstein. The author explains how both parts cohere in a transcendental account of finite knowledge. He claims that this can only be achieved by reading Sellars as committed to a transcendental methodology inspired by Kant. In a final step, he brings his interpretation to bear on the contemporary metaphilosophical debate on pragmatism and expressivism.

Intentionality in Sellars will be of interest to scholars of Sellars and Kant, as well as researchers working in philosophy of mind, epistemology, and the history of nineteenth- and twentieth-century philosophy.

Soil biota (the living organisms in soil) plays an important role in soil development and soil formation. They are the most important component of soil organic matter decomposition and behave efficiently in the development and formation of soil structure and soil aggregate. Their biodiversity provides many functional services to soil and soil components. They help in dissolving verities of plant and animal materials, which could left as decayed organic matter at the surface soil. Understanding the vital role of soil organisms would undoubtedly helps to increase food production and reduces poverty, hunger and malnutrition. Soil biota and biodiversity research in sub-Saharan Africa would play an important role in sustaining food security, environmental health, water quality and forest regeneration. This paper, briefly highlighted some of the biological functions of soil biota and suggests that proper understandings of biota and their biodiversity in soil environment would provide ways to get better understanding of soil health, soil function, soil quality and soil fertility under sustainable soil management activities in agricultural production.

van Leeuwen et al. Soil Biodiversity management. In this way we may make a valuable step in our attempts to optimize the multiple soil functions in agricultural landscapes, and hence the multifaceted role of soils to deliver a bundle of ecosystem services for farmers and citizens, and support land management and policy toward a more sustainable society.

Invertebrates play important functional roles in soils, affecting several essential ecosystem services. However, their populations are sensitive to disturbance, and are therefore often used as bioindicators of soil quality. Conservation agriculture covers extensive areas in Brazil, and organic production techniques have been rapidly spreading, but little is known regarding their impacts on belowground invertebrate communities. Thus, the present study evaluated the effects of different land-use and management systems on macro- and mesofauna communities in rural areas near Quitandinha, Southern Brazil. Samples were taken in a native forest (NF), organic (OH) and conventional horticulture farms (CH) and a conventional reduced tillage field (RT). Soil macrofauna and earthworms were collected by hand sorting, using the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) method, and mesofauna were collected using a modified Berlese funnel apparatus. Enchytraeids were sampled using the standard ISO...

Soil biota are essential for many soil processes and functions, yet there is an increasing pressure on soil biodiversity and soil degradation remains a pertinent issue. Therefore, the sustainable management of soils requires soil monitoring, including biological indicators able to relate land use and management to soil functioning and ecosystem services. Since the 1990's, biological soil parameters have been assessed in an increasing number of field trials and monitoring 3 programmes across Europe. The development and effective use of meaningful and widely applicable bio-indicators however, continues to be a challenging tasks. This paper aims to provide an overview of current knowledge in relation to soil biodiversity characterization and assessment. Examples of European monitoring approaches and soil biodiversity indicators are presented, and the value of soil biodiversity databases for developing a better understanding of the relations between soil management and ecosystem functions and services is discussed. We conclude that integration of monitoring approaches and data sets, together with state-of-the art ecological expertise, offers good opportunities for advancing ecological theory as well as application of such knowledge by decision makers.

L ijbert B russaard , D uur K. A anen , M aria J. I. B riones , T hibaud D ecaëns , G erlinde B. D e D eyn , T om M. F ayle , S amuel W. J ames, and T ânia N obre Soil Ecology and Ecosystem Services. First Edition. Edited by Diana H. Wall et al.

L ijbert B russaard , D uur K. A anen , M aria J. I. B riones , T hibaud D ecaëns , G erlinde B. D e D eyn , T om M. F ayle , S amuel W. J ames, and T ânia N obre Soil Ecology and Ecosystem Services. First Edition. Edited by Diana H. Wall et al.

Syndromal classification is a well-developed diagnostic system but has failed to deliver on its promise of the identification of functional pathological processes. Functional analysis is tightly connected to treatment but has failed to develop testable. replicable classification systems. Functional diagnostic dimensions are suggested as a way to develop the functional classification approach, and experiential avoidance is described as 1 such dimension. A wide range of research is reviewed showing that many forms of psychopathology can be conceptualized as unhealthy efforts to escape and avoid emotions, thoughts, memories, and other private experiences. It is argued that experiential avoidance, as a functional diagnostic dimension, has the potential to integrate the efforts and findings of researchers from a wide variety of theoretical paradigms, research interests, and clinical domains and to lead to testable new approaches to the analysis and treatment of behavioral disorders.

Syndromal classification is a well-developed diagnostic system but has failed to deliver on its promise of the identification of functional pathological processes. Functional analysis is tightly connected to treatment but has failed to develop testable. replicable classification systems. Functional diagnostic dimensions are suggested as a way to develop the functional classification approach, and experiential avoidance is described as 1 such dimension. A wide range of research is reviewed showing that many forms of psychopathology can be conceptualized as unhealthy efforts to escape and avoid emotions, thoughts, memories, and other private experiences. It is argued that experiential avoidance, as a functional diagnostic dimension, has the potential to integrate the efforts and findings of researchers from a wide variety of theoretical paradigms, research interests, and clinical domains and to lead to testable new approaches to the analysis and treatment of behavioral disorders.

Soils are integral to agricultural productivity, biodiversity, and the maintenance of ecosystem services. However, soil ecosystem research depends on foundational biological knowledge that is often missing. In this review, we present a comprehensive, cross-taxa overview of the soil biota of South Africa. We discuss the literature and sampling methods used to assess soil biota, the available taxonomic expertise and main collections within South Africa, the availability of identification guides and online resources, and the status and distribution of described species. We include species lists for all South African soil biota and, for groups with sufficient distribution records, species richness maps. Despite South Africa being only 0.8% of the earth's terrestrial area, it contains nearly 1.8% of the world's described soil species (mean per taxon 3.64%, range 0.17-15%; n = 36 groups), with nematodes and earthworms showing a remarkable

1. Abstract Annelid coenoses in wet soils reveal specific characteristics in relation to the pre- vailing complex of abiotic and biotic factors effective in these soils. Especially, the presence or lack of oxygen in the topsoil is of great influence for species composi- tion and vertical distribution of annelids in wet soils. Some annelids, for example most of the smaller

The composition of the annelid coenosis (earthworms, enchytraeids and other microannelids) of 54 soil monitoring sites in northwest Germany was investigated. The monitoring sites cover all important soils, substrates and management types. pH-values (CaCl2) in the topsoil range from 2.9 to 7.4. Along the gradient of soil reaction, the distribution curves of different annelid species are presented. By overlaying the curves, typical areas of similar respectively diverse species composition emerge, which correspond to different decomposer community types. This form of presentation visualizes at which degree of soil acidification the soil faunal community switches from one domain to another. It is considered under which conditions liming may shift the community into the domain where soil dwelling earthworms will initiate an improvement of the humus form.

The composition of the annelid coenosis (earthworms, enchytraeids and other microannelids) of 54 soil monitoring sites in northwest Germany was investigated. The monitoring sites cover all important soils, substrates and management types. pH-values (CaCl2) in the topsoil range from 2.9 to 7.4. Along the gradient of soil reaction, the distribution curves of different annelid species are presented. By overlaying the curves, typical areas of similar respectively diverse species composition emerge, which correspond to different decomposer community types. This form of presentation visualizes at which degree of soil acidification the soil faunal community switches from one domain to another. It is considered under which conditions liming may shift the community into the domain where soil dwelling earthworms will initiate an improvement of the humus form.

Terrestrial ecologists and soil modelers have traditionally portrayed the inhabitants of soil as a black box labeled as “soil fauna” or “decomposers or detritivores” assuming
that they just merely recycle the deposited dead plant material. Soil is one of the most diverse habitats on Earth and contains one of the most diverse assemblages of living organisms; however, the opacity of this world has severely limited our understanding of their functional contributions to soil processes and to ecosystem resilience. Traditional
taxonomy, based on morphological and anatomical aspects, is becoming replaced by rapid processing molecular techniques (e.g., with marker gene-based approaches). However,
this may be impracticable in many ecological studies and consequently, the majority of the current knowledge, still contributes little to our understanding of their role
in ecosystem functioning. Over the years, different workers have produced several “functional classifications” based on the body width, feeding regime, certain behavioral and reproductive aspects and ecological niches of soil organisms. Unfortunately, the information available is severely restricted to “major” groups. A better physiological and metabolic understanding of when and how a complex community of soil organisms access nutrients, alter their environment and in turn, affect soil processes, will allow a more realistic quantitative evaluation of their ecological roles in the biogeochemical cycles. Here, I review the applicability of the available approaches, highlight future research challenges
and propose a dynamic conceptual framework that could improve our ability to solve this functional puzzle.

Syndromal classification is a well-developed diagnostic system but has failed to deliver on its promise of the identification of functional pathological processes. Functional analysis is tightly connected to treatment but has failed to develop testable. replicable classification systems. Functional diagnostic dimensions are suggested as a way to develop the functional classification approach, and experiential avoidance is described as 1 such dimension. A wide range of research is reviewed showing that many forms of psychopathology can be conceptualized as unhealthy efforts to escape and avoid emotions, thoughts, memories, and other private experiences. It is argued that experiential avoidance, as a functional diagnostic dimension, has the potential to integrate the efforts and findings of researchers from a wide variety of theoretical paradigms, research interests, and clinical domains and to lead to testable new approaches to the analysis and treatment of behavioral disorders.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of therapeutic paradox within the contextual-behavioral treatment called Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Emphasis is on the difference between inherent and constructed paradox, expanding on previous work and emphasizing Acceptance and Commitment Therapy's relationship to Logotherapy.

Syndromal classification is a well-developed diagnostic system but has failed to deliver on its promise of the identification of functional pathological processes. Functional analysis is tightly connected to treatment but has failed to develop testable, replicable classification systems. Functional diagnostic dimensions are suggested as a way to develop the functional classification approach, and experiential avoidance is described as 1 such dimension. A wide range of research is reviewed showing that many forms of psychopathology can be conceptualized as unhealthy efforts to escape and avoid emotions, thoughts, memories, and other private experiences. It is argued that experiential avoidance, as a functional diagnostic dimension, has the potential to integrate the efforts and findings of researchers from a wide variety of theoretical paradigms, research interests, and clinical domains and to lead to testable new approaches to the analysis and treatment of behavioral disorders.