Finite Temperature Field Theory

Hydrographic data from T-3 are analyzed to illustrate the behavior of the Arctic mixed layer. The mixed layer depth fluctuates 11 m annually and mixed layer salinity fluctuates 0.32 %o. The fluctuations in total salt content are consistent with theoretical work by Maykut and are in phase with mixed layer depth, indicating changes in the mixed layer are controlled by salt flux. Deepening of the mixed layer brings 0.3 kcal cm -2 yr -• of heat to the surface from the ocean below.

We present the bulk thermodynamic properties and phase diagram of strongly interacting matter in an extension of the 3-flavor NJL and PNJL models of QCD. Using a three momentum cut-off scheme, we have extended the multiquark interaction terms up to eight order so that the stability of the vacuum is ensured in these models. We explore the effects of various combinations of the two eight-quark couplings g1 and g2 and present a comparative study between the NJL and PNJL models as well as Lattice QCD data. The main effect of the eight-quark interaction term is to shift the critical end point in the Tµ phase diagram to a lower value of µ and higher value of T , thus bringing them closer to Lattice QCD results.

Gaussianity of temperature fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background(CMB) implies that the statistical properties of the temperature field can be completely characterized by its two point correlation function. The two point correlation function can be expanded in full generality in the bipolar spherical harmonic(BipoSH) basis. Looking for significant deviations from zero for Bipolar Spherical Harmonic(BipoSH) Coefficients derived from observed CMB maps forms the basis of the strategy used to detect isotropy violation. In order to quantify "significant deviation" we need to understand the distributions of these coefficients. We analytically evaluate the moments and the distribution of the coefficients of expansion(A LM l 1 l 2 ), using characteristic function approach. We show that for BipoSH coefficients with M = 0 an analytical form for the moments up to any arbitrary order can be derived. For the remaining BipoSH coefficients with M = 0, the moments derived using the characteristic function approach need to be supplemented with a correction term. The correction term is found to be important particularly at low multipoles. We provide a general prescription for calculating these corrections, however we restrict the explicit calculations only up to kurtosis. We confirm our results with measurements of BipoSH coefficients on numerically simulated statistically isotropic CMB maps.

Certain anomalies at large angular scales in the cosmic microwave background measured by WMAP have been suggested as possible evidence of breakdown of statistical isotropy(SI). SI violation of cosmological perturbations is a generic feature of ultra large scale structure of the cosmos and breakdown of global symmetries. Most CMB photons free-stream to the present from the surface of last scattering. It is thus reasonable to expect statistical isotropy violation in the CMB photon distribution observed now to have originated from SI violation in the baryon-photon fluid at last scattering, in addition to anisotropy of the primordial power spectrum studied earlier in literature. We consider the generalized anisotropic brightness distribution fluctuations, ∆( k, n, τ ) (at conformal time τ ) in contrast to the SI case where it is simply a function of | k| and k • n. The brightness fluctuations expanded in Bipolar Spherical Harmonic (BipoSH) series, can then be written as ∆ LM ℓ 1 ℓ 2 (k, τ ) where L > 0 terms encode deviations from statistical isotropy. Violation of SI encoded in the present off-diagonal elements of the harmonic space correlation a ℓm a * ℓ ′ m ′ , equivalently, the BipoSH coefficients A LM ℓℓ ′ , are then related to the generalized BipoSH brightness fluctuation terms at present. We study the evolution of ∆ LM ℓ 1 ℓ 2 (k, τ ) from non-zero terms ∆ LM ℓ 3 ℓ 4 (k, τs) at last scattering, in the free streaming regime. We show that the terms with given BipoSH multipole, LM , evolve independently. Moreover, similar to the SI case, power at small spherical harmonic (SH) multipoles of ∆ LM ℓ 3 ℓ 4 (k, τs) at the last scattering, is transferred to ∆ LM ℓ 1 ℓ 2 (k, τ ) at larger SH multipoles. The structural similarity is more apparent in the asymptotic expression for large values of the final SH multipoles. This formalism allows an elegant identification of any SI violation observed today to a possible origin in SI violating physics present in the baryon-photon fluid. This is illustrated for the known result of SI violating angular correlations due to the presence of a homogeneous magnetic field in the baryon-photon fluid.

The remarkable improvement in the estimates of different cosmological parameters in recent years has been largely spearheaded by accurate measurements of the angular power spectrum of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation. This has required removal of foreground contamination as well as detector noise bias with reliability and precision. Recently, a novel model-independent method for the estimation of CMB angular power spectrum from multi-frequency observations has been proposed and implemented on the first year WMAP (WMAP-1) data by . We review the results from WMAP-1 and also present the new angular power spectrum based on three years of the WMAP data (WMAP-3). Previous estimates have depended on foreground templates built using extraneous observational input to remove foreground contamination. This is the first demonstration that the CMB angular spectrum can be reliably estimated with precision from a self contained analysis of the WMAP data. The primary product of WMAP are the observations of CMB in 10 independent difference assemblies (DA) distributed over 5 frequency bands that have uncorrelated noise. Our method utilizes maximum information available within WMAP data by linearly combining DA maps from different frequencies to remove foregrounds and estimating the power spectrum from the 24 cross power spectra of clean maps that have independent noise. An important merit of the method is that the expected residual power from unresolved point sources is significantly tempered to a constant offset at large multipoles (in contrast to the ∼ l 2 contribution expected from a Poisson distribution) leading to a small correction at large multipoles. Hence, the power spectrum estimates are less susceptible to uncertainties in the model of point sources.

Statistical isotropy (SI) has been one of the simplifying assumptions in cosmological model building. Experiments like WMAP and PLANCK are attempting to test this assumption by searching for specific signals in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) two point correlation function. Modifications to this correlation function due to gravitational lensing by the large scale structure (LSS) surrounding us have been ignored in this context. Gravitational lensing will induce signals which mimic isotropy violation even in an isotropic universe. The signal detected in the Bipolar Spherical Harmonic (BipoSH) coefficients A 20 ll by the WMAP team may be explained by accounting for the lensing modifications to these coefficients. Further the difference in the amplitude of the signal detected in the V-band and W-band maps can be explained by accounting for the differences in the designed angular sensitivity of the instrumental beams. The arguments presented in this article have crucial implications for SI violation studies. Constraining SI violation will only be possible by complementing CMB data sets with all sky measurements of the large scale dark matter distribution. Till that time, the signal detected in the BipoSH coefficients from WMAP-7 could also be yet another suggested evidence of strong deviations from the standard ΛCDM cosmology based on homogeneous and isotropic FRW models.

We study the statistical isotropy (SI) of temperature fluctuations of the CMB as distinct from Gaussianity. We present a detailed formalism of the bipolar power spectrum (BiPS) which was introduced as a fast method of measuring the statistical isotropy by Hajian & Souradeep 2003. The method exploits the existence of patterns in the real space correlations of the CMB temperature field. We discuss the applications of BiPS in constraining the topology of the universe and other theoretical scenarios of SI violation. Unlike the traditional methods of search for cosmic topology, this method is computationally fast. We also show that BiPS is potentially a good tool to detect the effect of observational artifacts in a CMB map such as non-circular beam, anisotropic noise , etc. Our method has been successfully applied to the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe sky maps by Hajian et al. 2004, but no strong evidence of SI violation was found.

This paper presents a blind CFD benchmark of a simulated leading edge for a turbine airfoil. The geometry studied was relevant for current designs with two rows of staggered film-cooling holes located at the stagnation location (0 = 0') and at 0 = 25'. Both rows of cooling holes were blowing in the same direction which was 90' relative to the streamwise direction and had an injection angle with respect to the surface of 20'. Realistic engine conditions were simulated including a density ratio of DR = 1.8 and an average blowing ratio of M = 2 for both rows of cooling holes. This blind benchmark coincided with an experimental study that took place in a wind tunnel simulation of a quarter cylinder followed by a flat afterbody. At the stagnation region, the CFD calculation overpredicted the adiabatic effectiveness because the model failed to predict a small separation region that was measured in the experiments. Good agreement was achieved, however, between the CED predictions and the experimentally measured values of the laterally averaged adiabatic effectiveness downstream of the stagnation location. The coolant pathlines showed that flow passed from the first row of holes over the second row of cooling holes indicating a waste of the coolant.

Understanding the complex flow of jets issuing into a crossflow from an inclined hole that has a short length-to-diameter ratio is relevant for film-cooling applications on gas turbine blades. In particular, this experimental study focu.ied on the effect of different velocities in a coflowing channel at the cooling hole entrance. Flows on both sides of the cooling hole (entrance and exit) were parallel and in the same direction. With the blowing ratio and the main.stream velocity at the hole exit remaining fixed, only the flow velocity in the channel at the hole entrance was varied. The Mach number at the hole entrance was varied between 0 < Mac < 0.5, while the Mach number at the hole exit remained constant at Ma«, = 0.25. The velocity ratio and density ratio of the jet were unity giving a blowing ratio and momentum flux ratio also of unity. The single, scaled-up film-cooling hole was inclined at 30 deg with respect to the mainstream and had a hole length-to-diameter ratio of L/D = 6. Flowfield measurements were made inside the hole, at the hole inlet and exit, and in the near-hole region where the jet interacted with the crossflow at the hole exit. The results show that for entrance crossflow Mach numbers of Ma^ = 0 and 0.5, a separation region occurs on the leeward and windward side of the cooling hole entrances, respectively. As a result of this separation region, the cooling jet exits in a .skewed manner with very high turbulence levels.

Arrays of suitably patterned and arranged magnetic elements may display artificial spin-ice structures with topological defects in the magnetization, such as Dirac monopoles and Dirac strings. It is known that these defects strongly influence the quasi-static and equilibrium behavior of the spin-ice lattice. Here we study the eigenmode dynamics of such defects in a square lattice consisting of stadium-like thin film elements using micromagnetic simulations. We find that the topological defects display distinct signatures in the mode spectrum, providing a means to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze monopoles and strings which can be measured experimentally.

A new multiply nested primitive equation ocean model is presented. The model employs a two-way interactive nesting technique successfully applied for many years in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory-NOAA hurricane prediction model. The formulation of the mesh nesting algorithm allows flexibility in deciding the number of meshes and the ratio of grid resolutions between adjacent meshes. Other advanced features include realistic coastline geometry and spatially variable grid spacing. The results of various idealized experiments indicate good performance of the nesting technique. The most important feature of the model is the ability to combine large-scale and regional-scale predictions. The model is tested as a general circulation model (GCM) in a 3-yr spinup experiment of the large-scale circulation in the tropical Pacific Ocean. It demonstrates skill comparable to that of other recently developed GCMs. The resulting large-scale fields are then used in the nested configuration as initial conditions for simulations of the ocean response to a westerly wind burst and a tropical cyclone. Significant improvements over a coarse, singlemesh model have been achieved in resolving finescale features of the wind-induced current and temperature fields. These results highlight the importance of model resolution for realistic simulations of mesoscale ocean variability.

Transient mode I stress intensity factors (KIT) distributions along semi-elliptical crack fronts resulting from thermal shock typical to a firing gun are investigated. KIT distributions for various crack arrays of n=2 to 48 cracks, bearing cracks of relative depths of a/W=0.1 to 0.4 and with ellipticities of a/c=0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 are evaluated for a cylindrical pressure vessel of radii

The influence of thermal stratification on autoignition at constant volume and high pressure is studied by direct numerical simulation (DNS) with detailed hydrogen/air chemistry with a view to providing better understanding and modeling of combustion processes in homogeneous charge compression-ignition engines. Numerical diagnostics are developed to analyze the mode of combustion and the dependence of overall ignition progress on initial mixture conditions. The roles of dissipation of heat and mass are divided conceptually into transport within ignition fronts and passive scalar dissipation, which modifies the statistics of the preignition temperature field. Transport within ignition fronts is analyzed by monitoring the propagation speed of ignition fronts using the displacement speed of a scalar that tracks the location of maximum heat release rate. The prevalence of deflagrative versus spontaneous ignition front propagation is found to depend on the local temperature gradient, and may be identified by the ratio of the instantaneous front speed to the laminar deflagration speed. The significance of passive scalar mixing is examined using a mixing timescale based on enthalpy fluctuations. Finally, the predictions of the multizone modeling strategy are compared with the DNS, and the results are explained using the diagnostics developed.

There is still a lack of knowledge of surface expression caused by deep-seated lithospheric processes, and how such processes could be distinguished from other, e.g. climate-induced, surface processes like denudation. Surface expressions of deep-seated lithospheric processes in convergent settings are expected to have been long-lived and to show large wave-length structures creating a dynamic topography . Resulting continent-continent collisional orogens are bivergent, and the principal vergency of collisional orogens is controlled by the previous subduction of oceanic lithosphere . A number of tectonic processes are shown to be active during late orogenic phases and these processes particularly result in specific patterns of surface uplift and denudation of the evolving orogens as well as subsidence in the associated foreland basin. A number of these processes are not fully understood. Late-stage orogenic processes include, among others, slab break-off, slab delamination respectively of lithospheric roots, back-thrusting, tectonic indentation and consequent orogen-parallel lateral extrusion and formation of Subduction-Transform Edge Propagator (STEP) faults acting on the subducting lithosphere (Molnar and Tapponnier, 1975;. Here, we discuss these processes mainly in terms of their near-surface geological expressions within the orogen and the associated foreland basins, and how these processes could be distinguished by such geological features. We also show distinct theoretical models applied to the arcuate Alpine-Balkan-Carpathian-Dinaric system, which is driven by the oblique convergence of Africa-Europe. Slab-break-off results in lateral orogen-parallel migration of sharp subsidence in a linear belt in front of the slab window, coupled subsidence and subsequent uplift/basin inversion of peripheral foreland basins, linear orogen-parallel migration of sudden uplift of central portions of the orogen and magmatism during slab-tearing. In contrast, slab delamination results in widespread uplift/basin inversion and also widespread surface uplift and magmatism (e.g., . Subduction-Transform Edge Propagator faults (STEP faults; Govers and Wortel, 2005) also induce lateral orogen-parallel migration of sharp subsidence in a linear belt in front of the lateral slab window (tip of STEP fault), uplift/basin inversion, laterally linear, orogen-parallel migration of sudden uplift and magmatism during slab-tearing. Subsidence could be induced by back-arc extension after retreat and passage of the orogenic wedge. Intraplate back-thrusting/orogenic shortening results in a continuous signal of subsidence by growing orogenic load, growth structures at the orogen-facing basin margin, lateral migration in the case of transpressive (oblique) shortening and continuous surface and rock uplift in the orogenic wedge with a lateral gradient across the orogenic wedge. Tectonic indentation and lateral extrusion is a consequence of rheological contrast and the shape of the weak orogen and involved rigid plates as well as of the orientation of convergence (Molnar and Tapponnier, 1975; Ratschbacher et al., 2001). It results in a similar, but continuous signal during back-thrusting/orogenic shortening in the orogen and subsidence in the foreland by growing orogenic load, growth structures at the orogen-facing basin margin and lateral migration in the case of transpressive shortening. Partitioning of deformation and surface uplift in the extrusion wedge and indentor is common. The extrusion wedge often shows a lateral gradient in surface motion, strong surface/rock uplift at the tip of the indentor, increasing subsidence further away in the extrusion wedge. In contrast, the indentor itself displays little surface uplift. Consequently, the most distinct effects between various late-stage orogenic processes are temporal-spatial variations of vertical surface motion, kinematics and magmatism. A close inspection of the models shows that

A detailed investigation of the hypocenter distribution beneath Elbasani, Albania, reveals a NE-SW-trending linear alignment of seismicity within the Elbasani-Dibra transversal zone. In the zone of Elbasani, hot mineral water (thermal waters) spot out from natural springs which have been known since the 19th century. We estimate the 3D seismic velocity structure in the Elbasani zone to understand the factors controlling the genesis of such earthquakes. A narrow low-velocity zone is imaged within the transversal fault zone over a length of ∼50 km, which partly penetrates into the mantle. The low-velocity zone correlates in space with the NE-SW trending earthquake cluster. A reactivation of thermal water fracture zone is probably related to the low-velocity anomaly.Where geological conditions are favourable, rainwater seeps through the surface and becames trapped in vast underground reservoirs so deep below the Earth”s surface that it becomes heated to high temperatures by the LVFZ. T...

We investigate the confinement-deconfinement phase transition at finite temperature of the SU(3) Yang-Mills(YM) theory on the lattice from a viewpoint of the dual superconductor picture based on the novel reformulation of the YM theory. In particular, we compare the conventional Abelian dual superconductor picture with the non-Abelian dual superconductor picture proposed in our previous works as the mechanism of quark confinement in the SU(3) YM theory. For the SU(3) YM theory, the reformulation allows two possible options called maximal and minimal. The maximal option corresponds to the manifestly gauge-invariant extension of the Abelian projection scheme, while the minimal option is really new to give the non-Abelian dual superconductor picture. Keeping these differences in mind, we present the numerical evidences that the confinement/deconfinement phase transition is caused by appearance/disappearance of the dual Meissner effects. First, we measure the Polyakov loop average at va...

Quantum tunneling, the quantum mechanical phenomenon wherein particles traverse energy barriers despite possessing insufficient classical energy, plays a critical role in high-temperature catalytic mechanisms, especially in aerospace and defense applications. These systems often operate in extreme thermal environments where traditional modeling of reaction kinetics may fall short. The standard method of computing tunneling probabilities involves numerically solving the Schrödinger equation for a detailed potential energy curve (PEC), a process that is computationally demanding and sometimes infeasible in the early stages of catalyst design. This paper presents a new, analytically driven framework for estimating tunneling probabilities using physically grounded approximations, thus eliminating the need for full PEC simulations. Starting from the foundational Schrödinger equation, we systematically derive a simplified yet rigorous tunneling probability expression using the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation and further refine it using a square barrier simplification. We then introduce thermal effects using Boltzmann statistics to model energy distributions and account for temperature-induced barrier fluctuations via stochastic dynamics using the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Finally, we present two consolidated expressions (named ABBE I and ABBE II) which encapsulate the quantum tunneling probability and its influence on reaction rate. This formalism aims to provide a physically interpretable, computationally lightweight method for incorporating quantum mechanical effects into high-energy catalytic design and analysis.

We investigate the implications of a light tetraquark field on chiral symmetry restoration at nonzero temperature within a simple chirally symmetric model. In order for the chiral phase transition to be crossover, as shown by lattice QCD studies, a strong mixing between scalar quarkonium and tetraquark fields is required. This leads to a light (∼ 0.4 GeV), predominantly tetraquark state, and a heavy (∼ 1.2 GeV), predominantly quarkonium state in the vacuum, in accordance with recently advocated interpretations of spectroscopy data. The mixing even increases with temperature and leads to an interchange of the roles of the originally heavy, predominantly quarkonium state and the originally light, predominantly tetraquark state. Then, as expected, the scalar quarkonium is a light state when becoming degenerate in mass with the pion as chiral symmetry is restored at nonzero temperature.

We investigate the implications of a light tetraquark field on chiral symmetry restoration at nonzero temperature within a simple chirally symmetric model. In order for the chiral phase transition to be crossover, as shown by lattice QCD studies, a strong mixing between scalar quarkonium and tetraquark fields is required. This leads to a light (∼ 0.4 GeV), predominantly tetraquark state, and a heavy (∼ 1.2 GeV), predominantly quarkonium state in the vacuum, in accordance with recently advocated interpretations of spectroscopy data. The mixing even increases with temperature and leads to an interchange of the roles of the originally heavy, predominantly quarkonium state and the originally light, predominantly tetraquark state. Then, as expected, the scalar quarkonium is a light state when becoming degenerate in mass with the pion as chiral symmetry is restored at nonzero temperature.

Dans la couche supérieure de l'océan, la turbulence anisotrope a une action de mélange sur les réserves de phytoplanktons, les variations de densité, la dissolution des gaz dans l'eau... Motivés par ce phénomène, nous avons étudié expérimentalement les mécanismes de brisure d'une interface de densité par les vortex horizontaux de l'écoulement de Taylor-Couette. Selon la force des vortex, la stratification bicouche évolue vers un profil en marches d'escalier ou vers une intensification de l'interface. L'évolution spatio-temporelle de la densité et l'efficacité du mélange ont été mesurées pour différents régimes de vortex et de turbulence.

We discuss general aspects of the possibility of Bose condensation of diquark pairs in systems of dense matter. Lattice field theory simulations are presented for model four-fermion theories which are expected to manifest the phenomenon, and results from measurements of both diquark two-point and one-point functions presented. Whilst inital results are promising, there remain systematic effects needing to be understood.

There has been much recent interest in the possibility of Bose condensates formed from quark pairs close to the Fermi surface in dense matter; such con-densates, which carry non-zero baryon number, can lead to exotic scenarios for dynamical breaking of the color gauge symmetry ...

A new method for biogas heating, cooling and drying has been developed. The method is based on two channel counter flow where recuperation happens. Biogas cooling is done with the dried colder flow to get the gas below the dew point temperature and allow it to condensate, but heating is done with humid hot gas flow from bioreactor. The system is being tested both experimentally and numerically by mathematical modelling. A previously developed 1D model has been implemented in MATLAB and calculations made for experimental setup. The results are also compared to 3D model made with ANSYS/CFX software.

Determination of surface crack depth and assessment of repair effectiveness are two non trivial tasks. In the present work, certain correlations between energy related characteristics and crack depth are observed, leading to a multivariate estimation approach. After repair, the same wave parameters are used to characterize the efficiency of repair, since propagation is restored after successful epoxy injection. As for insitu application, wave inspection is described on a cracked concrete bridge deck, where the cracks were repaired with epoxy agent. It is concluded that the investigation demonstrated the efficiency of the injection, since wave energy and velocity were restored.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering SEPTEMBER 2015 I would like to thank God for helping me see this research through. I would also like to extend a note of my deepest gratitude to the following people: • Professor F.-J. Kahlen for his patience, wisdom and guidance throughout this project. • Technology Innovation Agency of South Africa for sponsoring this project. • The CME staff for welcoming me as one of their own and always willing to help with lab-related issues. • Professor R. B Knutsen for his willingness to help with orientating me on titanium metallurgy. • My mom for her remarkable emotional and financial support. • Thabang Msisinyane for the love and support that made the tough times manageable. • The rest of my family for the love and prayers. Soraya Allies, Letlotlo Kgomongoe and Sikelelwa Ndwayi for various ways in which they contributed towards helping me through this project.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering SEPTEMBER 2015 I would like to thank God for helping me see this research through. I would also like to extend a note of my deepest gratitude to the following people: • Professor F.-J. Kahlen for his patience, wisdom and guidance throughout this project. • Technology Innovation Agency of South Africa for sponsoring this project. • The CME staff for welcoming me as one of their own and always willing to help with lab-related issues. • Professor R. B Knutsen for his willingness to help with orientating me on titanium metallurgy. • My mom for her remarkable emotional and financial support. • Thabang Msisinyane for the love and support that made the tough times manageable. • The rest of my family for the love and prayers. Soraya Allies, Letlotlo Kgomongoe and Sikelelwa Ndwayi for various ways in which they contributed towards helping me through this project.

In this paper, we study the change in the eigenvalues of the Neumann problem for the Schrödinger equation with respect to the radius of the ball. We prove the self-adjointness of the Schrödinger operator with a spherically symmetric homogeneous potential and obtain asymptotic formulas for the eigenvalues of the Neumann problem as the radius of the ball tends to zero.

We prove that a temperature independent mass distribution is identically zero below a mass threshold (mass gap) value, if the pressure satisfies certain inequalities. This supports the finding of a minimal mass in quark matter equation of state by numerical estimates and by substitution of analytic formulas. We present a few inequalities for the mass distribution based on the Markov inequality.

In this paper, we consider a two-parameter problem with compact, self-adjoint operators in Hilbert spaces. It is proved that if in a weakly coupled system of linear equations, the main tensor-determinant operator takes both positive and negative values, then under the of left definiteness conditions numerical range of this problem consists of the union of two convex closed polygons (finite or infinite). Moreover, the first of these polygons is in the first, and the second of these polygons is in the third quadrant of the real plane. And if the main tensor-determinant operator is a positive (negative) operator, then the numerical image of the problem under the left definiteness condition, consists of only one convex closed polygon (finite or infinite) located in the first (third) quadrant of the real plane.

In a recent Letter we have shown how COBE-DMR maps may be used to disprove Gaussianity at a high confidence level. In this report we digress on a few issues closely related to this Letter. We present the general formalism for surveying non-Gaussianity employed. We present a few more tests for systematics. We wonder about the theoretical implications of our result.

We propose a new baryosymmetric mechanism for baryogenesis which takes place at the QCD scale and is based on the existence of domain walls separating the metastable vacua from the lowest energy vacuum. The walls acquire fractional negative and positive baryon charges, while the observed baryon asymmetry is due to a non-zero value of the θ angle at the temperatures near the QCD chiral phase transition. The regions of metastable vacuum bounded by walls carry a negative baryon charge and may contribute a significant fraction of the dark matter of the Universe.

Long-term wind measurements carried out at 6 northern midlatitude sites (Saskatoon, Sheeld, Juliusruh, Collm, Obninsk, Kazan) are investigated to establish a climatology of the semidiurnal tide in the mesopause region for the narrow latitudinal range between 528N and 568N. Comparison of zonal and meridional components shows that in general the horizontal components are circularly polarized. Intercomparison of amplitudes and phases generally shows good agreement between the results from the dierent measuring systems. The results are compared with an empirical model of the semidiurnal tide. The longitudinal variation of the semidiurnal tide is small in summer, but the tidal amplitudes in winter are larger at Saskatoon and Kazan, compared with the results from the other sites. The possible in¯uence of wave±tidal interaction in the stratosphere on the interannual variability of this dierence is discussed.

Earth-based observations of Jupiter indicate that the Galileo probe probably entered Jupiter's atmosphere just inside a region that has less cloud cover and drier conditions than more than 99 percent of the rest of the planet. The visual appearance of the clouds at the site was generally dark at longer wavelengths. The tropospheric and stratospheric temperature fields have a strong longitudinal wave structure that is expected to manifest itself in the vertical temperature profile. Remote sensing observations of the Galileo probe entry site (PES) near the time of entry were necessary to determine the characteris- tics of the site as compared with those of the rest of the heterogeneous and dynamic jovian atmosphere. Probe results may also serve as a measure of ground truth for remote sensing observations. The decision to use the space- craft memory as the primary storage of probe data precluded the orbiter from acquiring re- mote sensing measurements of the PES, which meant that only Earth-based observations (1) (Table ) could fulfill this role.

In this paper, the entropy generation of a fully developed laminar flow in annular sector ducts with constant wall heat flux is investigated. Entropy generation is obtained for various aspect ratio (ε), various sector angels (2φ), various wall heat flux and various Reynolds number. It is found that with the increasing aspect ratio (ε) and sector angels (2φ) values, total entropy generation and pumping power at fixed Reynolds number increases and with increasing wall heat flux values, total entropy generation increases, however, pumping power decreases.

An analysis has been carried out to study the flow and heat transfer characteristics for MHD viscoelastic boundary layer flow over an impermeable stretching sheet with space and temperature dependent internal heat generation/absorption (non-uniform heat source/sink), viscous dissipation, thermal radiation and magnetic field due to frictional heating. The flow is generated due to linear stretching of the sheet and influenced by uniform magnetic field, which is applied vertically in the flow region. The governing partial differential equations for the flow and heat transfer are transformed into ordinary differential equations by a suitable similarity transformation. The governing equations with the appropriate conditions are solved exactly. The effects of viscoelastic parameter and magnetic parameter on skin friction and the effects of viscous dissipation, non-uniform heat source/sink and the thermal radiation on heat transfer characteristics for two general cases namely, the prescribed surface temperature (PST) case and the prescribed wall heat flux (PHF) case are presented graphically and discussed. The numerical results for the wall temperature gradient (the Nusselt number) are presented in tables and are discussed.

The density corrections, in terms of the isospin chemical potential µ I , to the mass of the pions are studied in the framework of the SU (2) low energy effective chiral lagrangian. The pion decay constant f π (T, µ I ) is also analized. As a function of temperature for µ I = 0, the mass remains quite stable, starting to grow for very high values of T , confirming previous results. However, there are interesting corrections to the mass when both effects (temperature and chemical potential) are simultaneously present. At zero temperature the π ± should condensate when µ I = ∓m π . This is not longer valid anymore at finite T . The mass of the π 0 acquires also a non trivial dependence on µ I due to the finite temperature.

LA PLATA-TH 96/12 hep-th/9608192 We introduce the chemical potential in a system of massless fermions in a bag by impossing boundary conditions in the Euclidean time direction. We express the fermionic mean number in terms of a functional trace involving the Green's function of the boundary value problem, which we study analytically. Numerical evaluations are made, and an application to a simple hadron model is discussed.

Within the framework of the operator product expansion (OPE) and the renormalization group equation (RGE), we show that the temperature and chemical potential dependence of the zeroth moment of a spectral function (SF) is completely determined by the one-loop structure of an asymptotically free theory. This exact result constrains the shape of SF's, and implies a highly non-trivial functional form for the SF near second order, or weak first order, phase transitions. Phenomenological parameterizations of the SF, often used in applications such as the analysis of lattice QCD data or QCD sum rule calculations at finite temperature and baryon density, must satisfy these constraints.

The O(3) nonlinear σ model is studied in the disordered phase, using the techniques of the effective action and finite temperature field theory. The nonlinear constraint is implemented through a Lagrange multiplier. The finite temperature effective potential for this multiplier is calculated at one loop. The existence of a nontrivial minimum for this potential is the signal of a disordered phase in which the lowest excited state is a massive triplet. The mass gap is easily calculated as a function of temperature in dimensions 1, 2 and 3. In dimension 1, this gap is known as the Haldane gap, and its temperature dependence is compared with experimental results. 75.10.Jm, 11.10.Lm Typeset using REVT E X * The expansion cothx -1 = 2 ∞ n=1 exp -2nx has proven useful. * * The logarithmic cut-off dependence could be removed by defining a renormalized coupling : 1/g r ≡ 2V ′ (µ 2 ), where µ is a subtraction point. The effective potential would then be well-behaved as Λ → ∞ and g → 0, while g r stays fixed. However, since we do not intend to send the cutoff to ∞, this procedure would be of little use to us.

A scalar adjoint field is introduced as a spatial average over (anti)calorons in a thermalized SU(2) Yang-Mills theory. This field is associated with the thermal ground state in the deconfining phase and acts as a background for gauge fields of trivial topology. Without invoking detailed microscopic information we study the properties of the corresponding potential, and we discuss its thermodynamical implications. We also investigate the gluon condensate at finite temperature relating it to the adjoint scalar field.

For a deconfining thermal SU(2) Yang-Mills plasma we discuss the role of (anti)calorons in introducing non-thermal behavior effectively described in terms of Planck's quantum of action . This non-thermality cancels exactly between the ground-state estimate and its free quasiparticle excitations. Kinematic constraints in 4-vertex scattering and the counting of radial loop variables versus the number of independent constraints on them are re-visited. Next, we consider thermal 2→ 2 one-loop scattering of the modes remaining massless upon the (anti)caloron induced adjoint Higgs mechanism (thermal ground state after spatial coarse graining). Starting with stringent analytical arguments, we are able to exclude the contribution to photon-photon scattering from diagrams containing at least one three-vertex and, in a next step, a vast majority of all possible configurations involving two four-vertices. By numerical analysis we show that the remaining contribution of the overall S channel is severely suppressed compared to that of the T and U channels, meaning that the creation of a pair of massive vector modes by a pair of photons and vice versa practically does not occur in the Yang-Mills plasma. For the T and U channels the domain of loop integration represents less than 10 -7 times the volume of the unconstrained integration region. The thus introduced photon-photon correlation should affect the Cosmic Microwave Background's polarisation at low redshift. An adaption of the here-developed methods to the analysis of irreducible bubble diagrams could prove the conjecture of hepth/0609033 on the termination of the loop expansion of thermodynamical quantities at a finite irreducible order.

We investigate temperature-dependence of the upper critical fields Hc2(T) of a superconducting FeSe0.4Te0.6 single crystal by measuring resistivity in static magnetic fields up to 45 T. Hc2(T) along a planar ab-direction, Hc2^ab (T), steeply increases near its superconducting transition temperature Tc ˜ 14.5 K, starts to saturate even around 10 K, and finally approaches Hc2^ab(0) ˜ 48 T, a much smaller value than the expected orbital limiting field (˜ 130 T), indicating the predominant Pauli limiting effect. Although Hc2^ c(T) increases with a smaller positive slope near Tc, it shows a positive curvature at overall temperatures to reach Hc2^c(0) ˜ 48 T, suggesting the Pauli paramagnetic effect also exists even along the c-direction. We include the spin-orbit coupling and the Pauli paramagnetic effect in the Werthamer- Helfand-Hohenberg (WHH) formula to explain the shape of Hc2(T) for both directions and discuss enhanced local magnetism resulting from the excess iron or Se(Te) vacanc...

We construct an explicit solution of the Cauchy initial value problem for the one-dimensional Schr ödinger equation with a time-dependent Hamiltonian operator for the forced harmonic oscillator. The corresponding Green function (propagator) is derived with the help of the generalized Fourier transform and a relation with representations of the Heisenberg-Weyl group N (3) in a certain special case first, and then is extended to the general case. A three parameter extension of the classical Fourier integral is discussed as a by-product. Motion of a particle with a spin in uniform perpendicular magnetic and electric fields is considered as an application; a transition amplitude between Landau levels is evaluated in terms of Charlier polynomials. In addition, we also solve an initial value problem to a similar diffusion-type equation.

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The statistical analysis of counts of living organisms brings information about the collective behavior of species. This task is often implemented in a nonparametric setting, but parametric distributions such as the negative binomial (NB) distributions studied here, are also very useful for modeling populations abundance. Considering the Riemannian manifold NB(DR) of NB distributions equipped with the Rao metrics DR, one can compute geodesic distances between species, which can be considered as absolute. But computing such a distance requires solving a second-order nonlinear differential equation, whose solution cannot be always found in an acceptable length of time with enough precision.Manté and Kidé (2016) proposed numerical remedies to this problem, which are completed here by Poisson Approximation combined with Differential Geometry techniques. The performances of the proposed method are investigated, and it is illustrated by displaying distributions of counts of marine species...

The interaction potential between a pair of heavy quarks is calculated with resummed perturbation method in Gribov-Zwanziger approach at finite temperature. The resummed loop correction makes the potential complex. While the real part is, as expected, screened and becomes short-ranged in hot medium, the strength of the imaginary part increases with temperature and is comparable with the real part, which is very different from the previous calculation in HTL approach. This means that, both the color screening and Landau damping play important role in the dissociation of heavy flavor hadrons in hot medium.

We calculate the gluon self-energy using quark energy projectors in a general quark-gluon plasma. By separating the quark field into positive-and a negative-energy modes, the quark loop constructed with the same mode is always convergent, and the divergence appears only in the mixed loop with different modes and is medium independent. After removing the divergence in vacuum, we obtain the one-loop gluon selfenergy at finite temperature, chemical potential, and quark mass without approximation. With the method of quark-loop resummation, we calculate nonperturbatively the gluon Debye mass and thermodynamic potential. In the limit of small gluon momentum in comparison with temperature, chemical potential, and quark mass, our calculation comes back to the known HTL/HDL results in literature.

We calculate color screening mass in a thermalized and magnetized QCD matter in the frame of loop resummation theory without restriction to the magnetic field strength. Our full calculation covers the often used approximations for weak magnetic field at high temperature and strong magnetic field at low temperature. We find that while the magnetic field created in heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC energies is probably the strongest one in nature, its effect on the QCD matter is still weaker in comparison with the high temperature of the fireball, and therefore can safely be treated as a perturbation.