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"Fifteenth Amendment (Framing And Ratification)." Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Gale. 2000. HighBeam Research. 10 Jun. 2014 <http://www.highbeam.com>.
"Fifteenth Amendment (Framing And Ratification)." Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. 2000. HighBeam Research. (June 10, 2014). http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425000965.html
"Fifteenth Amendment (Framing And Ratification)." Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Gale. 2000. Retrieved June 10, 2014 from HighBeam Research: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425000965.html
In January 1869 adult black males could vote in only twenty states. Blacks had received the franchise in ten states of the South under the Reconstruction Act of March 1867 as part of the price of readmission to the Union set by the Republicans in Congress. Because Republicans also controlled the state government of Tennessee, blacks were enfranchised there. But many lived in the ex-slave border states that had been loyal to the Union, and they were not enfranchised. In the North, most blacks did not have the right to vote; however, there were minor exceptions in those states where the black population was small. The New England states except Connecticut allowed black suffrage, as did four midwestern states, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Iowa. But especially in the lower North, where most northern blacks lived, white voters in referendum after referendum had rejected their unrestricted enfranchisement. Indeed in 1868 the issue of black suffrage was thought to be so dangerous and debilitating to the Republican party that at the party's national convention the framers of the platform devised a double standard by endorsing black voting in the South while trying not to antagonize white voters in the North: thus each northern state could decide black suffrage without federal interference, but southern states must accept black voting as a matter of national policy.
In the presidential election of 1868 Republican candidate ulysses s. grant captured most of the electoral vote and the Republicans retained control of Congress. …
Encyclopedia of the American Constitution; January 1, 2000
Reconstruction Era Reference Library; January 1, 2005
The Nation; November 22, 1993
States News Service; June 25, 2013
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