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Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici
Who's the man? Scribes, Orthographic Variation, and the Pluralization of Nouns Fronted by LÚ in the Canaanite Amarna Letters2017 •
This essay analyzes the diverse uses of the {lú} determinative, focusing especially on the way orthography and pluralization shed light on geographical, educational, and socio-political factors that shaped the work of Canaanite scribes during the Late Bronze Age. With five orthographic means to write the plural, the evidence reveals a complex matrix of both variation and homogeneity that provides a snapshot of, on the one hand, a community of second-language learners applying their teachers' instruction, and, on the other hand, diplomacy marked by scribal agency. It is not necessarily hard-and-fast or universal rules that constrain the alternations one sees within the Canaanite scribes' use of {lú}; independent variables can also impact orthography. At a minimum, the orthographic variation attested among the Canaanite Amarna data reflects a variation in scribal education. Yet the combination of different spellings found at a single site or in the dossier of a single scribe complicates the matter, implying additional factors help generate the variation. Some examples stem from lexical factors, while other patterns pair with idiosyncratic sign values, individual scribal conventions, or even, as seen at Jerusalem, rhetorical flourishes. The sum of evidence points to the multifaceted roles of the Canaanite scribe as second-language learner, interpreter, and diplomat.
It has long been recognized that the corpus of letters from Tyre discovered in the Amarna letter archive contain a number of Egyptianisms. Scholars have also recognized the presence of some West Semitic traits in the corpus, which are typical of the letters from Syro-Palestine. However, the intellectual context of those linguistic/cultural traits of the letters has not been adequately investigated. This paper examines the Egyptianisms and West Semiticisms in the light of the contemporary religious movement in Egypt, Atenism, and the New Kingdom imperial administration. We conclude that the evidence from these letters indicates that more traditional aspects of Egyptian royal ideology might still have been current during the Amarna Period and propose that there was a pragmatic purpose for the Egyptianisms and West Semiticisms: Abi-milki, the governor of Tyre, was attempting to appeal to the Egyptian imperial administration.
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Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
Response to letter to the Editor by Gunnar Grimby and Ã…sa Lundgren-Nilsson, on ‘Comments on the article “Can the ICF be Used as a Rehabilitation Outcome Measure? A study looking at the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the ICF categories derived from an ADL assessment tool.â€â€™2013 •
Treballs De Sociolinguistica Catalana
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Human Reproduction
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Social Science & Medicine
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2022 •